Argul, Nizamabad district, Argul railway station, Nizamabad district

Argul, gundumar Nizamabad: Argul ƙauye ne a cikin Jakranpalle mandal, gundumar Nizamabad, Telangana, Indiya. Kamar yadda na 2001 yawan ƙauyen ya kasance mutane 4,026 sun bazu kan iyalai 932.
Tashar jirgin kasa ta Argul: Tashar jirgin kasa ta Argul ita ce tashar jirgin kasa da ke kan hanyar Khurda – Visakhapatnam, wani bangare na babban layin Howrah – Chennai da ke karkashin rukunin hanyar jirgin Khurda na yankin Railway East Coast. Tana cikin Deulabasta, Argul a gundumar Khurda a cikin jihar Odisha ta Indiya.
Gundumar Nizamabad: Gundumar Nizamabad gundumar ce da ke yankin arewa maso yammacin jihar Telangana ta Indiya. Garin Nizamabad shine hedikwatar gundumar, gundumar tana da iyaka da gundumomin Jagtial, Sircilla, Nirmal, Kamareddy da kuma iyakar jihar Maharashtra.
Argula von Grumbach: Argula von Grumbach née von Stauff marubuciya ce kuma mace mai martaba daga Bavaria wacce ta fara a farkon 1520s, ta shiga cikin muhawarar Canjin Furotesta da ke gudana a Jamus. Ta zama mace marubuciya Furotesta ta farko, mai buga wasiƙu da wakoki na inganta da kare Martin Luther da kuma abokin aikinsa Philip Melanchthon da sauran ƙungiyoyin Furotesta. An fi saninta da ƙalubalantar jami'ar Ingolstadt kai tsaye lokacin da ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa gare su tana yin magana game da kame ɗalibin Lutheran. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin womenan tsirarun mata a lokacin da take magana a fili game da ra'ayinta, rubuce-rubucen nata sun haifar da rikici kuma galibi sun zama mafi kyau, tare da dubun-dubun kofe na wasiƙunta da wakokin da ke yawo a tsakanin aan shekaru kaɗan da wallafa su.
Argula von Grumbach: Argula von Grumbach née von Stauff marubuciya ce kuma mace mai martaba daga Bavaria wacce ta fara a farkon 1520s, ta shiga cikin muhawarar Canjin Furotesta da ke gudana a Jamus. Ta zama mace marubuciya Furotesta ta farko, mai buga wasiƙu da wakoki na inganta da kare Martin Luther da kuma abokin aikinsa Philip Melanchthon da sauran ƙungiyoyin Furotesta. An fi saninta da ƙalubalantar jami'ar Ingolstadt kai tsaye lokacin da ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa gare su tana yin magana game da kame ɗalibin Lutheran. A matsayinta na ɗaya daga cikin womenan tsirarun mata a lokacin da take magana a fili game da ra'ayinta, rubuce-rubucen nata sun haifar da rikici kuma galibi sun zama mafi kyau, tare da dubun-dubun kofe na wasiƙunta da wakokin da ke yawo a tsakanin aan shekaru kaɗan da wallafa su.
Argulica: Argulica ƙauye ne a cikin gundumar Karbinci, Arewacin Macedonia.
Argulidae: Iyalan Argulidae suna dauke da kwarkwata irin na karfinta ko kwarkwata - wani rukuni na cizon sauro na rashin tabbas cikin Maxillopoda. Kodayake ana zaton su dadaddun sifofi ne, amma ba su da tarihin daftarin tarihi. Argulidae ne kawai dangi a cikin tsari Arguloida , kodayake an gabatar da dangi na biyu, Dipteropeltidae.
Argulidae: Iyalan Argulidae suna dauke da kwarkwata irin na karfinta ko kwarkwata - wani rukuni na cizon sauro na rashin tabbas cikin Maxillopoda. Kodayake ana zaton su dadaddun sifofi ne, amma ba su da tarihin daftarin tarihi. Argulidae ne kawai dangi a cikin tsari Arguloida , kodayake an gabatar da dangi na biyu, Dipteropeltidae.
Argulidae: Iyalan Argulidae suna dauke da kwarkwata irin na karfinta ko kwarkwata - wani rukuni na cizon sauro na rashin tabbas cikin Maxillopoda. Kodayake ana zaton su dadaddun sifofi ne, amma ba su da tarihin daftarin tarihi. Argulidae ne kawai dangi a cikin tsari Arguloida , kodayake an gabatar da dangi na biyu, Dipteropeltidae.
Argulidae: Iyalan Argulidae suna dauke da kwarkwata irin na karfinta ko kwarkwata - wani rukuni na cizon sauro na rashin tabbas cikin Maxillopoda. Kodayake ana zaton su dadaddun sifofi ne, amma ba su da tarihin daftarin tarihi. Argulidae ne kawai dangi a cikin tsari Arguloida , kodayake an gabatar da dangi na biyu, Dipteropeltidae.
Argulus: Argulus jinsin kwarkwata ne a cikin dangin Argulidae. Akwai fiye da nau'in nau'in 130 da aka bayyana a cikin Argulus . A matsayinsu na yara, Argulus suna ciyar da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin fata na mahalarta. Tare da shekaru suna zama masu ba da jini saboda cutar ta motsa daga ciyar da ƙwayoyin cuta zuwa ciyar da jikin kifin, yana haifar da canjin ciyarwar.
Argulus ambystoma: Argulus ambystoma nau'ikan parasitic ne na reshe a tafkin Patzcuaro Salamander, Ambystoma dumerilii , suna raba jinsin 'yan tsukakkun wurare a Lago de Pátzcuaro, Mexico.
Argulus foliaceus: Argulus foliaceus (ko kuma Monoculus foliaceus Linnaeus, sunan 1758) jinsin ɓaure ne a cikin iyalin Argulidae, ƙwarjin kifi. Wani lokaci ana kiransa gishirin kifi na kowa . Wannan shine "mafi yawan al'adun gargajiya da yaduwa a cikin Palaearctic" da kuma "daya daga cikin yaduwar crustacean ectoparasites na kifin ruwa a duniya", la'akari da yadda aka rarraba shi da kuma mahalarta masu masaukin. Zai iya haifar da mummunan yanayin yanayin jayayya a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in kifi. Tana da alhakin ɓarkewar annobar epizootic wanda ya haifar da rushewar ayyukan kiwon kifin. Kwarkwatar kifi ba su da alaka da kwarkwata, wadanda kwari ne.
Argulus japonicus: Argulus japonicus , sunan da ake amfani da shi a kasar Japan ko kwalliyar kifin Jafananci , jinsin crustaceans ne a cikin dangin Argulidae, kwarkwata. Wannan jinsin launin ruwan kasa mai haske ne kuma yana iya zama tsakanin 4 zuwa 9 mm tsayi da 3 zuwa 6 mm fadi. Yana da wutsiya mai taurin kai, kuma an yi kama da ɗan kama da garkuwar garkuwa. Mace da namiji A. japonicus sun bambanta sosai, suna rarrabasu a matsayin jinsin dioecious. Kodayake basu da banbanci sosai, amma fatarsu ta bayyane tana nuna theananan bambance-bambance kamar su kayan haɗi daban-daban.
Hujja da Ba da Shawara: Jayayya da Ba da Shawara ita ce mujallar ilimi da ake dubawa kwata-kwata wacce Taylor & Francis suka buga, wanda Bet Innocenti na Jami'ar Kansas ya shirya. Katherine Langford, Harry Weger, Catherine H. Palczewski, da John Fritch ne suka shirya jaridar a baya.
Hujja da Ba da Shawara: Jayayya da Ba da Shawara ita ce mujallar ilimi da ake dubawa kwata-kwata wacce Taylor & Francis suka buga, wanda Bet Innocenti na Jami'ar Kansas ya shirya. Katherine Langford, Harry Weger, Catherine H. Palczewski, da John Fritch ne suka shirya jaridar a baya.
Alcira Argumedo: Alcira Susana Argumedo masaniyar zamantakewar al'umma ce, ' yar asalin kasar Ajantina, kuma tana cikin mambobin majalisar wakilai ta kasar Ajantina, an tsayar da ita a matsayin' yar takarar shugaban kasa a kan tikitin takarar Proyecto Sur na babban zaben shekarar 2011.
Zygaena: Zygaena nau'in kwari ne a cikin gidan Zygaenidae. Waɗannan launuka masu haske, kwari masu tashi sama da ƙasa asalinsu Yammacin Palearctic ne.
Hujja: A cikin hankali da falsafa, hujja jerin maganganu ne, wanda ake kira gabatarwa ko abubuwan da ake so, waɗanda aka yi niyya don tantance gaskiyar gaskiyar wani bayani, ƙarshe. Za'a iya wakiltar nau'ikan mahawara a cikin yaren halitta a cikin yaren alamomin alama, kuma da kanmu daga yaren halitta wanda aka tsara "muhawara" a hukumance ana iya yin sa cikin ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Hujja – cirewa – banbancin hujja: Hujja-cire-rarrabewar hujja ta samo asali ne daga dabaru kanta. A dabi'a, kalmomin sun samo asali.
Neman sunan dogaro da hujja: A cikin yaren shirye-shiryen C ++, binciken-dogaro ( ADL ), ko neman sunan mai dogaro , ya shafi binciken sunan aiki wanda bai cancanta ba dangane da nau'ikan muhawarar da aka ba aikin kira. Wannan halin ana kiransa da suna Koenig nema , kamar yadda ake danganta shi ga Andrew Koenig, duk da cewa ba shine mai kirkirarta ba.
Neman sunan dogaro da hujja: A cikin yaren shirye-shiryen C ++, binciken-dogaro ( ADL ), ko neman sunan mai dogaro , ya shafi binciken sunan aiki wanda bai cancanta ba dangane da nau'ikan muhawarar da aka ba aikin kira. Wannan halin ana kiransa da suna Koenig nema , kamar yadda ake danganta shi ga Andrew Koenig, duk da cewa ba shine mai kirkirarta ba.
Taswirar hujja: Taswirar mahawara ko zane zane shine wakilcin gani na tsarin mahawara. Taswirar mahawara galibi tana ƙunshe da mahimman abubuwan tattaunawar, bisa al'ada ana kiranta kammalawa da gabatarwa , wanda kuma ake kira sabani da dalilai . Hakanan taswirar gardama na iya nuna wajan gabatarwa, ƙin yarda, ƙararraki, sakewa, da kuma lafazi. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na taswirar jayayya amma galibi suna dacewa da aiki kuma suna wakiltar da'awar mutum ɗaya da alaƙar da ke tsakanin su.
Tsarin hankali: A hankalce , sigar sanarwa mai ma'ana ita ce takamaiman takamaiman sigar fassarar wannan bayanin a cikin tsari na yau da kullun. Ba bisa ka'ida ba, tsari mai ma'ana yana kokarin tsara wata sanarwa mai yuwuwa cikin sanarwa tare da madaidaiciya, fassarar ma'ana mara ma'ana dangane da tsari na yau da kullun. A cikin ingantaccen harshe na yau da kullun, ma'anar tsari mai ma'ana za a iya ƙayyade shi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba daga daidaituwa kawai. Siffofin dabaru masu ma'ana ne, ba ginawa ba; saboda haka, za'a iya samun sama da layi ɗaya wanda yake wakiltar tsari iri ɗaya a cikin harshe da aka bayar.
Hujja (bincike mai rikitarwa): A lissafi, da hujja a hadaddun yawan z, denoted Arg (z), shi ne na kwana tsakanin m real axis da layin shiga cikin asalin kuma z, ya wakilta a matsayin batu a cikin hadaddun jirgin sama, da aka nuna a matsayin a cikin Hoto na 1. Aiki ne mai daraja mai yawa wanda ke aiki akan lambobin hadadden nonzero. Don ayyana aiki mai daraja ɗaya, ana amfani da ainihin darajar muhawara. Sau da yawa ana zaɓa don zama ƙimar mahimmanci na takaddar da ke tsakanin tazara (- π , π ] .
Siga (shirye-shiryen kwamfuta): A cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, siga ko takaddama ta yau da kullun nau'ikan canji ne na musamman da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin aiki don komawa zuwa ɗayan ɓangarorin bayanan da aka bayar a matsayin shigar da ƙaramin. Waɗannan bayanan bayanan sune ƙimar maganganun da za'a kira subroutine dasu tare da kiran su. Jerin sigogi da aka ba da umurni galibi ana haɗa su a cikin ma'anar ƙaramin abu, don haka, duk lokacin da aka kira ƙaramin, ana kimanta hujjojinsa na wannan kiran, kuma ana iya sanya ƙimomin da ke cikin su zuwa sigogin masu dacewa.
Siga (shirye-shiryen kwamfuta): A cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, siga ko takaddama ta yau da kullun nau'ikan canji ne na musamman da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin aiki don komawa zuwa ɗayan ɓangarorin bayanan da aka bayar a matsayin shigar da ƙaramin. Waɗannan bayanan bayanan sune ƙimar maganganun da za'a kira subroutine dasu tare da kiran su. Jerin sigogi da aka ba da umurni galibi ana haɗa su a cikin ma'anar ƙaramin abu, don haka, duk lokacin da aka kira ƙaramin, ana kimanta hujjojinsa na wannan kiran, kuma ana iya sanya ƙimomin da ke cikin su zuwa sigogin masu dacewa.
Siga (shirye-shiryen kwamfuta): A cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, siga ko takaddama ta yau da kullun nau'ikan canji ne na musamman da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin aiki don komawa zuwa ɗayan ɓangarorin bayanan da aka bayar a matsayin shigar da ƙaramin. Waɗannan bayanan bayanan sune ƙimar maganganun da za'a kira subroutine dasu tare da kiran su. Jerin sigogi da aka ba da umurni galibi ana haɗa su a cikin ma'anar ƙaramin abu, don haka, duk lokacin da aka kira ƙaramin, ana kimanta hujjojinsa na wannan kiran, kuma ana iya sanya ƙimomin da ke cikin su zuwa sigogin masu dacewa.
Hujja (disambiguation): A cikin hankali da falsafa, hujja yunƙuri ne na shawo kan wani abu, ko ba da hujja ko dalilai na yarda da wani ra'ayi.
Mahimmanci: A significand ne wani ɓangare na lamba a kimiyya tsarin rubutu ko wani iyo-aya lambar, kunsha na ta gagarumin lambobi. Dogaro da fassarar mai bayyanawar, mahimmin yana iya wakiltar lamba ko yanki.
Hujja (ilimin harshe): A cikin ilimin harshe, muhawara magana ce da ke taimakawa kammala ma'anar mai iya faɗi, na biyun yana magana a cikin wannan mahallin zuwa babban fi'ili da mataimakansa. A wannan batun, dacewar ra'ayi ne mai nasaba da juna. Yawancin masu tsinkaye suna ɗauka ɗaya, biyu, ko uku. Mai tsinkaye da muhawararsa suna samar da tsarin tsinkayar magana . Tattaunawa game da tsinkaya da jayayya an fi alakanta shi da kalmomin aiki (abun ciki) da kalmomin suna (NPs), kodayake ana iya fassara wasu nau'ikan kayan aiki azaman masu tsinkaye da mahawara. Dole ne a rarrabe jayayya daga masu talla. Duk da yake magatakarda yana buƙatar maganganunsa don kammala ma'anarsa, adjunanan da suka bayyana tare da wanda aka ambata na zaɓi ne; ba lallai ba ne su cika ma'anar wanda aka ambata. Yawancin ka'idoji na tsarin magana da ma'anar magana suna yarda da mahawara da tallatawa, kodayake kalmomin suna bambanta, kuma ana yarda da bambancin a kowane yare. Nahawun gram na dogaro wasu lokuta suna kiran jayayyaki masu aiki , suna bin Tesnière (1959).
Hujja (doki): Hujja ta kasance ɗan tseren Faransa Thoroughbred tsere da sire. A farkon wasan tsere ya nuna tsari mai kyau kuma an sanya shi a cikin mahimman tsere da yawa, amma ya nuna ci gaba mai kyau a cikin kaka na 1980. An dauke shi mai rashin sa'a lokacin da aka kayar da shi kaɗan a cikin Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe sannan kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Amurka inda ya ci Washington, DC International Stakes. A ƙarshen shekara ya kasance bisa hukuma mafi kyawun tsere-tsere da aka horar a Faransa. A cikin bazara mai zuwa ya lashe Prix d'Harcourt da Prix Ganay amma yanayinsa ya tabarbare daga baya kuma an buge shi a cikin sauran jinsi shida da suka rage. Ba shi da wani tasiri a matsayin sahun masu cin nasara.
Hujjar Das: Hujjar Das: Zeitschrift für Philosophie und Sozialwissenschaften mujallar ilimi ce ta Jamus. An kafa shi a cikin 1959 a matsayin jarida mai zaman kanta ta Jaman ta Yammacin Juna game da akidar Marxist. Ya bayyana sau shida a shekara.
Hujja (ilimin harshe): A cikin ilimin harshe, muhawara magana ce da ke taimakawa kammala ma'anar mai iya faɗi, na biyun yana magana a cikin wannan mahallin zuwa babban fi'ili da mataimakansa. A wannan batun, dacewar ra'ayi ne mai nasaba da juna. Yawancin masu tsinkaye suna ɗauka ɗaya, biyu, ko uku. Mai tsinkaye da muhawararsa suna samar da tsarin tsinkayar magana . Tattaunawa game da tsinkaya da jayayya an fi alakanta shi da kalmomin aiki (abun ciki) da kalmomin suna (NPs), kodayake ana iya fassara wasu nau'ikan kayan aiki azaman masu tsinkaye da mahawara. Dole ne a rarrabe jayayya daga masu talla. Duk da yake magatakarda yana buƙatar maganganunsa don kammala ma'anarsa, adjunanan da suka bayyana tare da wanda aka ambata na zaɓi ne; ba lallai ba ne su cika ma'anar wanda aka ambata. Yawancin ka'idoji na tsarin magana da ma'anar magana suna yarda da mahawara da tallatawa, kodayake kalmomin suna bambanta, kuma ana yarda da bambancin a kowane yare. Nahawun gram na dogaro wasu lokuta suna kiran jayayyaki masu aiki , suna bin Tesnière (1959).
Hujja (adabi): Muhawara a cikin adabi ita ce taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen bayani, galibi a karin magana, na waƙa ko ɓangaren waƙa ko wani aiki. Ana sanya shi koyaushe zuwa farkon kowane babi, littafi, ko kanto. Sun kasance gama-gari a lokacin Renaissance a matsayin wata hanya ta daidaita mai karatu a cikin babban aiki.
Hujja: A cikin hankali da falsafa, hujja jerin maganganu ne, wanda ake kira gabatarwa ko abubuwan da ake so, waɗanda aka yi niyya don tantance gaskiyar gaskiyar wani bayani, ƙarshe. Za'a iya wakiltar nau'ikan mahawara a cikin yaren halitta a cikin yaren alamomin alama, kuma da kanmu daga yaren halitta wanda aka tsara "muhawara" a hukumance ana iya yin sa cikin ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Hujja (disambiguation): A cikin hankali da falsafa, hujja yunƙuri ne na shawo kan wani abu, ko ba da hujja ko dalilai na yarda da wani ra'ayi.
Muhawara ta kiɗa: Muhawarar kiɗa wata hanya ce ta haifar da tashin hankali ta hanyar alaƙa da ma'anar abun ciki da sigar kiɗa: Kiɗan yare na gargajiya wakilci ne: nau'ikan kiɗa yana da alaƙa da ma'amala mai ma'ana kuma hanya ce ta haifar da tashin hankali; wannan shine abin da galibi ake kira rigimar kiɗa.
Siga (shirye-shiryen kwamfuta): A cikin shirye-shiryen kwamfuta, siga ko takaddama ta yau da kullun nau'ikan canji ne na musamman da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙaramin aiki don komawa zuwa ɗayan ɓangarorin bayanan da aka bayar a matsayin shigar da ƙaramin. Waɗannan bayanan bayanan sune ƙimar maganganun da za'a kira subroutine dasu tare da kiran su. Jerin sigogi da aka ba da umurni galibi ana haɗa su a cikin ma'anar ƙaramin abu, don haka, duk lokacin da aka kira ƙaramin, ana kimanta hujjojinsa na wannan kiran, kuma ana iya sanya ƙimomin da ke cikin su zuwa sigogin masu dacewa.
Hujja (jirgin ruwa): Hujja ita ce tsibirin Australiya na wasu tan 8, wanda aka gina a Sydney kuma aka yi rajista a ranar 8 Oktoba 1800.
Mahimmanci: A significand ne wani ɓangare na lamba a kimiyya tsarin rubutu ko wani iyo-aya lambar, kunsha na ta gagarumin lambobi. Dogaro da fassarar mai bayyanawar, mahimmin yana iya wakiltar lamba ko yanki.
Hujja Game da Basia: Hujja Game da Basia labari ne na Yaren mutanen Poland wanda Kornel Makuszyński ya rubuta, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1936, amma aka sake shi shekara ɗaya bayan haka.
Hujja kan Kawar da Kiristanci: Hujja don Tabbatar da cewa Rushe Kiristanci a Ingila Mayu, kamar yadda Abubuwa suke Yanzu A Yau, Kasance Tare da Wasu Rashin Jin Dadi, kuma Wataƙila Ba su Thoseauki Waɗannan Ingantattun Tasirin da Aka Gabatar da su ba , wanda aka fi sani da suna Hujja kan Rage Kiristanci , rubutu ne na ban dariya. ta Jonathan Swift da ke kare Kiristanci, kuma musamman, Anglicanism, game da cin zarafin zamani daga abokan hamayyarsa daban-daban, da suka hada da masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu yada zango, masu kin addini, wadanda ba su yarda da Allah ba, Sociniyanci, da sauran wadanda ake kira "Masu rarrabuwar kawuna." An rubuta rubutun a shekara ta 1708 kuma, kamar yadda aka saba a lokacin, an rarraba shi sosai a matsayin ƙasida. Takaddun sanannun sanannen labarin ne, mai cike da launuka iri-iri, kuma ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin babban misali na raunin siyasa.
Samuwar Allah: Kasancewar Allah abin tattaunawa ne a falsafar addini da sananniyar al'ada. Ana iya rarrabu da mahawara iri-iri iri daban-daban game da kasancewar Allah da gāba da zahirin magana, ma'ana, ikon tunani, ra'ayi ko kimiyya. A cikin kalmomin falsafa, tambayar kasancewar Allah yana tattare da fannonin ilimin kimiya da ilimin halayyar dan adam da ka'idar darajar.
Hujja asibiti: " Argiment Clinic " wani zane ne daga Monty Python's Flying Circus , wanda John Cleese da Graham Chapman suka rubuta. An watsa hoton ne daga farko a matsayin wani bangare na jerin talabijin kuma daga baya kungiyar ta gabatar dashi kai tsaye. Ya dogara sosai da rubutun kalmomi da tattaunawa, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman misalin yadda harshe yake aiki.
Samuwar Allah: Kasancewar Allah abin tattaunawa ne a falsafar addini da sananniyar al'ada. Ana iya rarrabu da mahawara iri-iri iri daban-daban game da kasancewar Allah da gāba da zahirin magana, ma'ana, ikon tunani, ra'ayi ko kimiyya. A cikin kalmomin falsafa, tambayar kasancewar Allah yana tattare da fannonin ilimin kimiya da ilimin halayyar dan adam da ka'idar darajar.
Hujja daga mafarki: Hujja daga ruɗani hujja ce game da kasancewar azanci-data. An gabatar da shi azaman zargi na zahirin gaskiya.
Hujja daga dalili: Hujja daga dalili hujja ce game da tsarin halitta na zahiri da wanzuwar Allah. Mafi shaharar mai kare hujja shine CS Lewis. Lewis ya fara kare muhawara tsawon lokaci a littafinsa na 1947, Mu'ujiza: Nazarin Farko . A bugu na biyu na al'ajibai (1960), Lewis ya sake dubawa kuma ya fadada batun.
Tsarin Musayar Hujja: Tsarin Musanyar Hujja (AIF) wani yunƙuri ne na ƙasa da ƙasa don haɓaka hanyar wakilci don musayar albarkatun jayayya tsakanin ƙungiyoyin bincike, kayan aiki, da yankuna ta amfani da yaren wadataccen harshe. AIF ya bi diddigin tarihinsa zuwa colloquium a 2005 a Budapest. Sakamakon aikin a Budapest an fara buga shi azaman bayanin kwastomomi a 2006. Ginawa a kan wannan tushe, ƙarin aiki sannan amfani da AIF don gina tushe don Gidan Hujja
Taswirar hujja: Taswirar mahawara ko zane zane shine wakilcin gani na tsarin mahawara. Taswirar mahawara galibi tana ƙunshe da mahimman abubuwan tattaunawar, bisa al'ada ana kiranta kammalawa da gabatarwa , wanda kuma ake kira sabani da dalilai . Hakanan taswirar gardama na iya nuna wajan gabatarwa, ƙin yarda, ƙararraki, sakewa, da kuma lafazi. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na taswirar jayayya amma galibi suna dacewa da aiki kuma suna wakiltar da'awar mutum ɗaya da alaƙar da ke tsakanin su.
Hujja asibiti: " Argiment Clinic " wani zane ne daga Monty Python's Flying Circus , wanda John Cleese da Graham Chapman suka rubuta. An watsa hoton ne daga farko a matsayin wani bangare na jerin talabijin kuma daga baya kungiyar ta gabatar dashi kai tsaye. Ya dogara sosai da rubutun kalmomi da tattaunawa, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman misalin yadda harshe yake aiki.
Hujjar Yanar gizo: Gidan yanar sadarwar hujja babban gidan yanar gizo ne na mahaɗan mahaɗa wanda mutane suka kirkira yayin da suke bayyana ra'ayinsu da kuma mu'amala da ra'ayoyin wasu. Shafin yanar gizo na Jayayya yana nufin yin muhawara ta kan layi ilham ga mahalarta kamar masu shiga tsakani, ɗalibai, malamai, masu watsa labarai da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo, don ƙirƙirar kayan aikin Gidan yanar gizo wanda zai ba da damar adanawa, dawo da atomatik da nazarin bayanan mahawara da aka haɗa, da haɓaka ingancin layi muhawara da muhawara Za'a iya bayyana Gidan Bayani a matsayin yanki na babban gidan yanar gizo na Semantic.
Hujja Game da Basia: Hujja Game da Basia labari ne na Yaren mutanen Poland wanda Kornel Makuszyński ya rubuta, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1936, amma aka sake shi shekara ɗaya bayan haka.
Ragectio ad rashin fahimta: A ma'ana, reductio ad absurdum , wanda aka fi sani da argumentum ad absurdum , bahasin apagogical , ƙiren gabatarwa ko roko zuwa ga wuce iyaka , wani nau'i ne na muhawara da ke yunƙurin kafa da'awa ta hanyar nuna cewa akasin lamarin zai haifar da rashin hankali ko saɓani. Ana iya amfani da shi don karyata bayani ta hanyar nuna cewa babu makawa zai haifar da izgili, wauta, ko ƙarshe mara amfani, ko kuma tabbatar da bayani ta hanyar nuna cewa idan ƙarya ne, to sakamakon zai zama maras ma'ana ko ba zai yiwu ba. An koma baya ga falsafar gargajiya ta Girka a cikin Nazarin Tunani na Aristotle, an yi amfani da wannan fasaha cikin tarihi a duka dalilan lissafi da falsafa, har ma a cikin muhawara.
Kira ga al'ada: Ira zuwa ga al'ada wata hujja ce wacce a ke ɗaukar takaddun daidai bisa ga dangantaka da al'adar da ta gabata ko ta yanzu. Rokon ya ɗauki nau'i na "wannan daidai ne saboda koyaushe muna yin hakan ta wannan hanyar."
Hujja daga jahilci: Hujja daga jahilci , wanda aka fi sani da kira zuwa ga jahilci , ƙarya ce cikin dabaru mara tushe. Yana tabbatar da cewa zance na gaskiya ne domin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da karya ba ko kuma wani zance na karya ne domin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da gaskiya ba. Wannan yana wakiltar nau'in kwatancen karya ta yadda ya kebe yiwuwar cewa watakila an yi karancin bincike don tabbatar da cewa zancen gaskiya ne ko karya ne. Hakanan baya ba da damar yiwuwar cewa amsar ba za a iya sani ba, kawai ana iya sani a nan gaba, ko kuma ba cikakkiyar gaskiya ba ce ko ƙarya. A cikin muhawara, yin kira zuwa ga jahilci wani lokacin yunƙuri ne don sauya nauyin hujja. A cikin bincike, ƙananan gwaje-gwaje na ƙarƙashin batutuwan ƙarya da ƙwarewar ƙarya. Kalmar mai yiwuwa malamin falsafa John Locke ne ya kirkiro kalmar a ƙarshen karni na 17.
Peira don tsoro: Rokon tsoro shine rudani wanda mutum yayi yunƙurin ƙirƙirar goyon baya ga ra'ayin ta hanyar yunƙurin ƙara tsoro game da wata hanyar. Kira ga tsoro ya zama gama gari a harkar kasuwanci da siyasa.
Ira don jinƙai: Roko zuwa ga tausayi wani abu ne na rashin hankali wanda wani ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami goyon baya don wata hujja ko ra'ayi ta hanyar amfani da jinƙan abokin hamayyarsa na tausayi ko laifi. Yana da takamaiman nau'in roko don motsawa. Sunan "gardin Galileo" yana nufin wahalar masanin sakamakon kamun gidansa da Inquisition yayi.
Ira zuwa ga sabon abu: Rokon zuwa sabon abu karya ne wanda mutum baiyi da'awar cewa ra'ayin ko tsari yayi daidai ko yafi ba, saboda kawai sabo ne da zamani. A cikin takaddama tsakanin halin da ake ciki da sababbin abubuwan kirkire-kirkire, roko zuwa takaddama ta sabon abu a karan kansa ba hujja ce mai inganci ba. Karya na iya daukar nau'i biyu: wuce gona da iri kan sabon abu da zamani, wanda bai dace ba kuma ba tare da bincike ba yana zaton shi ne mafi alkhairi, ko raina halin da ake ciki, ba tare da lokaci ba kuma ba tare da bincike ba yana daukar shi mafi munin yanayi.
Peara kira duk da: Roko don zagi karya ce wacce wani ya yi ƙoƙari ya sami tagomashi don takaddama ta hanyar amfani da ɓacin rai, ɓacin rai, ko ɓarna a cikin ɓangaren adawa. Attemptoƙari ne don karkatar da hankalin masu sauraro ta hanyar haɗi da mai ƙiyayya da adawa ga huɗar mai magana.
Hujja zuwa matsakaici: Hujja zuwa matsakaici- wanda aka fi sani da sassaucin ƙarya , jayayya daga tsakiyar ƙasa , da ma'anar zinare na ƙarya - ita ce faɗar cewa gaskiyar ita ce daidaitawa tsakanin matsayi biyu masu adawa.
Hujja daga ayoyin da basu dace ba: Hujjar daga ayoyin da basu dace ba, hujja ce da ke da nufin nuna cewa mutum ba zai iya zabar wani addini a kan wani ba tunda ayoyin nasu basu dace da juna ba kuma duk wani addini biyu ba zai iya zama gaskiya ba.
Samuwar Allah: Kasancewar Allah abin tattaunawa ne a falsafar addini da sananniyar al'ada. Ana iya rarrabu da mahawara iri-iri iri daban-daban game da kasancewar Allah da gāba da zahirin magana, ma'ana, ikon tunani, ra'ayi ko kimiyya. A cikin kalmomin falsafa, tambayar kasancewar Allah yana tattare da fannonin ilimin kimiya da ilimin halayyar dan adam da ka'idar darajar.
Ad hominem: Ad hominem , a takaice don muhawara ad hominem , yana nufin nau'ikan muhawara da yawa, wasu amma ba dukkansu wauta bane. Galibi wannan kalmar tana nufin dabarun yin magana inda mai magana ke faɗar halaye, muradi, ko kuma wasu halaye na mutumin da yake yin hujja maimakon ya kai hari ga asalin batun kansa. Wannan yana guje wa muhawara ta gaske ta hanyar ƙirƙirar karkatarwa ga wasu abubuwan da ba su da mahimmanci amma galibi ana cajin su sosai. Mafi yawan nau'ikan wannan karyar ita ce "A yayi da'awar x , B yana tabbatar da cewa A yana da dukiyar da ba'a so, saboda haka B ya kammala da cewa hujja x bata dace ba".
Hujja daga hukuma: Hujja daga hukuma , wanda kuma ake kira roko zuwa hukuma , ko argumentum ad verecundiam , wani nau'i ne na muhawara wacce ake amfani da ra'ayin hukuma a kan wani fanni a matsayin hujja don tallafawa wata hujja. Wasu na ganin cewa ana amfani da shi a cikin tsari idan dukkan bangarorin tattaunawar sun yarda kan amincin hukuma a mahallin da aka bayar, wasu kuma suna ganin cewa a koda yaushe karya ce kawai a kawo hukuma kan batun da aka tattauna a matsayin babbar hanyar goyon bayan wata hujja.
Hujja daga hukuma: Hujja daga hukuma , wanda kuma ake kira roko zuwa hukuma , ko argumentum ad verecundiam , wani nau'i ne na muhawara wacce ake amfani da ra'ayin hukuma a kan wani fanni a matsayin hujja don tallafawa wata hujja. Wasu na ganin cewa ana amfani da shi a cikin tsari idan dukkan bangarorin tattaunawar sun yarda kan amincin hukuma a mahallin da aka bayar, wasu kuma suna ganin cewa a koda yaushe karya ce kawai a kawo hukuma kan batun da aka tattauna a matsayin babbar hanyar goyon bayan wata hujja.
Hujja: A cikin hankali da falsafa, hujja jerin maganganu ne, wanda ake kira gabatarwa ko abubuwan da ake so, waɗanda aka yi niyya don tantance gaskiyar gaskiyar wani bayani, ƙarshe. Za'a iya wakiltar nau'ikan mahawara a cikin yaren halitta a cikin yaren alamomin alama, kuma da kanmu daga yaren halitta wanda aka tsara "muhawara" a hukumance ana iya yin sa cikin ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Hujja daga hukuma: Hujja daga hukuma , wanda kuma ake kira roko zuwa hukuma , ko argumentum ad verecundiam , wani nau'i ne na muhawara wacce ake amfani da ra'ayin hukuma a kan wani fanni a matsayin hujja don tallafawa wata hujja. Wasu na ganin cewa ana amfani da shi a cikin tsari idan dukkan bangarorin tattaunawar sun yarda kan amincin hukuma a mahallin da aka bayar, wasu kuma suna ganin cewa a koda yaushe karya ce kawai a kawo hukuma kan batun da aka tattauna a matsayin babbar hanyar goyon bayan wata hujja.
Tabbatarwa ta hanyar tabbaci: Tabbatarwa ta hanyar tabbatarwa , wani lokacin wanda ake kira ba da izini ba a matsayin hujja ta hanyar maimaita magana , yaudara ce ta yau da kullun inda aka maimaita gabatarwar ba tare da saɓani da musantawa ba. Wani lokaci, ana iya maimaita wannan har sai ƙalubalen ya bushe, a wannan lokacin ana tabbatar da shi a matsayin gaskiya saboda rashin saɓawa da shi. A wasu lokuta, ana iya ambata maimaitawa a matsayin shaidar gaskiyarta, a cikin bambancin roko ga hukuma ko roko zuwa ga kuskuren imani.
Fungiyar karya: Associationarya ta ƙungiya ƙarya ce ta rashin ƙarfi game da saurin-gamawa ko nau'in jan abu da kuma abin da ke tabbatarwa, ta hanyar ƙungiyar da ba ta da mahimmanci kuma galibi ta hanyar kira ga motsin rai, cewa halayen abu ɗaya halaye ne na asali na wani. Nauyi biyu na rikice-rikice na tarayya wasu lokuta ana kiran su da laifi ta hanyar haɗuwa da girmamawa ta hanyar tarayya .
Hujja daga hukuma: Hujja daga hukuma , wanda kuma ake kira roko zuwa hukuma , ko argumentum ad verecundiam , wani nau'i ne na muhawara wacce ake amfani da ra'ayin hukuma a kan wani fanni a matsayin hujja don tallafawa wata hujja. Wasu na ganin cewa ana amfani da shi a cikin tsari idan dukkan bangarorin tattaunawar sun yarda kan amincin hukuma a mahallin da aka bayar, wasu kuma suna ganin cewa a koda yaushe karya ce kawai a kawo hukuma kan batun da aka tattauna a matsayin babbar hanyar goyon bayan wata hujja.
Tabbatarwa ta hanyar tabbaci: Tabbatarwa ta hanyar tabbatarwa , wani lokacin wanda ake kira ba da izini ba a matsayin hujja ta hanyar maimaita magana , yaudara ce ta yau da kullun inda aka maimaita gabatarwar ba tare da saɓani da musantawa ba. Wani lokaci, ana iya maimaita wannan har sai ƙalubalen ya bushe, a wannan lokacin ana tabbatar da shi a matsayin gaskiya saboda rashin saɓawa da shi. A wasu lokuta, ana iya ambata maimaitawa a matsayin shaidar gaskiyarta, a cikin bambancin roko ga hukuma ko roko zuwa ga kuskuren imani.
Argumentum ad populum: A ka'idar mahawara, muhawara ce ta gardama wacce ta yanke hukunci cewa tilas ne ya zama gaskiya saboda mutane da yawa ko mutane da yawa sun gaskata shi, galibi a taƙaice a rufe cewa: "Idan da yawa sun yi imani da haka, haka ne".
Hujja ta misali: Hujja ta misali ita ce hujja wacce ake tallafawa da'awa ta hanyar kawo misalai. Yawancin maganganun da aka ƙaddamar a cikin binciken da ƙididdigar gwaje-gwajen da aka ƙayyade hujjoji ne ta misali da haɓakawa. Karatun da ke nazarin jawaban da suka gabata suma suna yanke hukunci ta hanyar ɗaukar takamaiman misalai na sadarwa da kuma ƙetare maganganu daga gare su.
Tabbatarwa ta hanyar tabbaci: Tabbatarwa ta hanyar tabbatarwa , wani lokacin wanda ake kira ba da izini ba a matsayin hujja ta hanyar maimaita magana , yaudara ce ta yau da kullun inda aka maimaita gabatarwar ba tare da saɓani da musantawa ba. Wani lokaci, ana iya maimaita wannan har sai ƙalubalen ya bushe, a wannan lokacin ana tabbatar da shi a matsayin gaskiya saboda rashin saɓawa da shi. A wasu lokuta, ana iya ambata maimaitawa a matsayin shaidar gaskiyarta, a cikin bambancin roko ga hukuma ko roko zuwa ga kuskuren imani.
Hujja ta gibberish: Hujja ta gibberish karya ce kawai ta yau da kullun, inda ake musayar gibberish mara fahimta ko mara ma'ana don ingantacciyar hujja ko amfani da ita don tallafawa sanarwa ko aikawa. Ana amfani dashi sau da yawa ta hanyar salatin kalma na jargon, yana ba da bayyanar ko dai masaniyar batun ko hujja ta gaske. Ana la'akari da shi rashin gaskiya ne saboda ba shi da tabbaci, tunda ba a kawo wata hujja ko kaɗan. Amma duk da haka yanayin rikitarwa na iya ba da alama cewa an gina hujja.
Hujja daga jahilci: Hujja daga jahilci , wanda aka fi sani da kira zuwa ga jahilci , ƙarya ce cikin dabaru mara tushe. Yana tabbatar da cewa zance na gaskiya ne domin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da karya ba ko kuma wani zance na karya ne domin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da gaskiya ba. Wannan yana wakiltar nau'in kwatancen karya ta yadda ya kebe yiwuwar cewa watakila an yi karancin bincike don tabbatar da cewa zancen gaskiya ne ko karya ne. Hakanan baya ba da damar yiwuwar cewa amsar ba za a iya sani ba, kawai ana iya sani a nan gaba, ko kuma ba cikakkiyar gaskiya ba ce ko ƙarya. A cikin muhawara, yin kira zuwa ga jahilci wani lokacin yunƙuri ne don sauya nauyin hujja. A cikin bincike, ƙananan gwaje-gwaje na ƙarƙashin batutuwan ƙarya da ƙwarewar ƙarya. Kalmar mai yiwuwa malamin falsafa John Locke ne ya kirkiro kalmar a ƙarshen karni na 17.
Apira don ba'a: Roko zuwa izgili rashin gaskiya ne wanda ya gabatar da hujjar abokin adawa a matsayin wauta, abin dariya, ko abin dariya, saboda haka bai cancanci a yi la'akari da shi ba.
Ad tashin zuciya: Ad nauseam kalma ce ta Latin don jayayya ko wata tattaunawa da ta ci gaba har zuwa tashin zuciya. Misali, "wannan an tattauna ad nauseam " yana nuna cewa an tattauna batun sosai kuma waɗanda suke da hannu sun kamu da rashin lafiyarsa. Karya na jan tattaunawar zuwa wani yanayi na tashin hankali domin a tabbatar da matsayin mutum a matsayin daidai saboda ba a saba masa ba kuma ana kiranta hujja da rashin fahimta da kuma jayayya daga maimaitawa .
Apira don ba'a: Roko zuwa izgili rashin gaskiya ne wanda ya gabatar da hujjar abokin adawa a matsayin wauta, abin dariya, ko abin dariya, saboda haka bai cancanci a yi la'akari da shi ba.
Tabbatar da tsoratarwa: Tabbatarwa ta hanyar tsoratarwa kalma ce ta jumla da ake amfani da ita musamman a cikin lissafi don komawa zuwa takamaiman hanyar nuna hannu, inda mutum ke ƙoƙarin ciyar da hujja ta hanyar nuna shi a bayyane ko maras muhimmanci, ko ta hanyar bayar da hujja da aka loda da jargo da sakamako marasa fahimta. Yana ƙoƙari ya firgita masu sauraro don karɓar sakamakon kawai ba tare da hujja ba, ta hanyar yin kira ga jahilcinsu da rashin fahimta.
Hujja asibiti: " Argiment Clinic " wani zane ne daga Monty Python's Flying Circus , wanda John Cleese da Graham Chapman suka rubuta. An watsa hoton ne daga farko a matsayin wani bangare na jerin talabijin kuma daga baya kungiyar ta gabatar dashi kai tsaye. Ya dogara sosai da rubutun kalmomi da tattaunawa, kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman misalin yadda harshe yake aiki.
Gudanarwa (ilimin harshe): A cikin ilimin ilimin harshe, sarrafawa gini ne wanda aka fahimci mahimmin abin da aka bayar da shi ta hanyar wasu maganganu a cikin mahallin. Misalai na salon sarrafawa sun haɗa da fi'iloli. Wata kalmar aikatau ta sarki "tana sarrafa" muhawarar ɗan aiki, wanda ba iyaka. An yi nazari sosai kan iko a cikin gwamnati da tsarin ɗaure a cikin 1980s, kuma yawancin maganganun daga wancan zamanin har yanzu ana amfani da su a yau. A zamanin Transformational Grammar, ana tattauna abubuwan sarrafawa dangane da sharewar Equi-NP . Ana yin nazarin sarrafawa sau da yawa azaman wakilin wofi wanda ake kira PRO . Hakanan sarrafawa yana da alaƙa da haɓaka, kodayake akwai mahimmancin bambance-bambance tsakanin sarrafawa da haɓakawa. Mafi yawa idan ba duk yare suke da ginin iko ba kuma waɗannan gine-ginen suna faruwa koyaushe.
Neman sunan dogaro da hujja: A cikin yaren shirye-shiryen C ++, binciken-dogaro ( ADL ), ko neman sunan mai dogaro , ya shafi binciken sunan aiki wanda bai cancanta ba dangane da nau'ikan muhawarar da aka ba aikin kira. Wannan halin ana kiransa da suna Koenig nema , kamar yadda ake danganta shi ga Andrew Koenig, duk da cewa ba shine mai kirkirarta ba.
Neman sunan dogaro da hujja: A cikin yaren shirye-shiryen C ++, binciken-dogaro ( ADL ), ko neman sunan mai dogaro , ya shafi binciken sunan aiki wanda bai cancanta ba dangane da nau'ikan muhawarar da aka ba aikin kira. Wannan halin ana kiransa da suna Koenig nema , kamar yadda ake danganta shi ga Andrew Koenig, duk da cewa ba shine mai kirkirarta ba.
Karya: Karya ita ce amfani da hujja mara aiki ko akasin haka, ko "motsin da ba daidai ba" a yayin kafa hujja. Jayayyar jayayya na iya zama yaudara ta hanyar nuna kamar ta fi ta gaske kyau. Wasu karyace-karyace suna aikata su da gangan don sarrafawa ko lallashewa ta hanyar yaudara, yayin da wasu kuma ake aikata su ba da gangan ba saboda rashin kulawa ko rashin sani. Ingancin hujojin shari'a ya dogara da mahallin da aka yi mahawara.
Samuwar Allah: Kasancewar Allah abin tattaunawa ne a falsafar addini da sananniyar al'ada. Ana iya rarrabu da mahawara iri-iri iri daban-daban game da kasancewar Allah da gāba da zahirin magana, ma'ana, ikon tunani, ra'ayi ko kimiyya. A cikin kalmomin falsafa, tambayar kasancewar Allah yana tattare da fannonin ilimin kimiya da ilimin halayyar dan adam da ka'idar darajar.
Tsarin hankali: A hankalce , sigar sanarwa mai ma'ana ita ce takamaiman takamaiman sigar fassarar wannan bayanin a cikin tsari na yau da kullun. Ba bisa ka'ida ba, tsari mai ma'ana yana kokarin tsara wata sanarwa mai yuwuwa cikin sanarwa tare da madaidaiciya, fassarar ma'ana mara ma'ana dangane da tsari na yau da kullun. A cikin ingantaccen harshe na yau da kullun, ma'anar tsari mai ma'ana za a iya ƙayyade shi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba daga daidaituwa kawai. Siffofin dabaru masu ma'ana ne, ba ginawa ba; saboda haka, za'a iya samun sama da layi ɗaya wanda yake wakiltar tsari iri ɗaya a cikin harshe da aka bayar.
Hujja: A cikin hankali da falsafa, hujja jerin maganganu ne, wanda ake kira gabatarwa ko abubuwan da ake so, waɗanda aka yi niyya don tantance gaskiyar gaskiyar wani bayani, ƙarshe. Za'a iya wakiltar nau'ikan mahawara a cikin yaren halitta a cikin yaren alamomin alama, kuma da kanmu daga yaren halitta wanda aka tsara "muhawara" a hukumance ana iya yin sa cikin ilimin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta.
Hujja daga misalin: Hujja daga kwatankwacin wani nau'i ne na musamman na takaddama mai motsawa, ta inda ake amfani da kamanceceniya a matsayin ginshiƙi don tabbatar da ƙarin kamanceceniyar da ba a kiyaye ba. Dalilin nazarin ilimin lissafi shine ɗayan hanyoyin da ɗan adam ke ƙoƙarin fahimtar duniya da yanke shawara. Lokacin da mutum ya sami ƙwarewar kwarewa game da samfur kuma ya yanke shawarar ba zai sayi wani abu gaba daga mai ƙirar ba, wannan yawanci batun batun kwatancen ne. Har ila yau, a bayyane yake a cikin yawancin ilimin kimiyya; Misali, gwaje-gwajen akan berayen dakin gwaje-gwaje yawanci suna tafiya ne bisa la'akari da cewa wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin beraye da mutane ya haifar da wasu kamanni.
Snobbery na yau da kullun: Snobbery na zamani shine hujja cewa tunani, fasaha, ko kimiyyar da ta gabata bai dace da na yanzu ba, kawai saboda fifikon ta na ɗan lokaci ko kuma imani cewa tunda wayewa ta ci gaba a wasu yankuna, mutanen zamanin da suke kasa da hankali. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga CS Lewis da Owen Barfield, kuma Lewis ne ya fara ambata shi a cikin littafin tarihin kansa na 1955, Yayi Murnar Farin Ciki . Snobbery na zamani shine nau'i na roko zuwa sabon abu.
Hujja daga sani: Hujja daga sani hujja ce game da samuwar Allah bisa sani. Mafi shaharar mai kare hujja daga sani shine JP Moreland.
Takaddama ta waya: Muhawara ta teleological hujja ce game da wanzuwar Allah ko kuma, gabaɗaya, cewa rikitaccen aiki a cikin yanayin duniya wanda yayi kama da tsari shine shaidar mahalicci mai hankali.
Hujja daga sha'awa: Hujja daga sha'awa hujja ce game da samuwar Allah da / ko lahira bayan rayuwa. Mafi shaharar mai kare hujja shine marubucin kirista CS Lewis. A taƙaice kuma a bayyane, gardamar ta bayyana cewa sha'awar ɗan adam don farin ciki na har abada dole ne ya kasance mai iya samun gamsuwa, saboda duk sha'awar halittu na iya samun gamsuwa. An gabatar da sigar mahawara tun daga Tsararru na Tsakiya, kuma gardamar ta ci gaba da samun masu karewa a yau, kamar su Peter Kreeft da Francis Collins.
Hujja daga jahilci: Hujja daga jahilci , wanda aka fi sani da kira zuwa ga jahilci , ƙarya ce cikin dabaru mara tushe. Yana tabbatar da cewa zance na gaskiya ne domin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da karya ba ko kuma wani zance na karya ne domin har yanzu ba a tabbatar da gaskiya ba. Wannan yana wakiltar nau'in kwatancen karya ta yadda ya kebe yiwuwar cewa watakila an yi karancin bincike don tabbatar da cewa zancen gaskiya ne ko karya ne. Hakanan baya ba da damar yiwuwar cewa amsar ba za a iya sani ba, kawai ana iya sani a nan gaba, ko kuma ba cikakkiyar gaskiya ba ce ko ƙarya. A cikin muhawara, yin kira zuwa ga jahilci wani lokacin yunƙuri ne don sauya nauyin hujja. A cikin bincike, ƙananan gwaje-gwaje na ƙarƙashin batutuwan ƙarya da ƙwarewar ƙarya. Kalmar mai yiwuwa malamin falsafa John Locke ne ya kirkiro kalmar a ƙarshen karni na 17.
Hujja daga ayoyin da basu dace ba: Hujjar daga ayoyin da basu dace ba, hujja ce da ke da nufin nuna cewa mutum ba zai iya zabar wani addini a kan wani ba tunda ayoyin nasu basu dace da juna ba kuma duk wani addini biyu ba zai iya zama gaskiya ba.
Hujja daga ƙananan lamuran: Muhawara daga shari'o'in da suka rage daga baya wata hujja ce ta falsafa tsakanin ka'idar 'yancin dabbobi game da dabi'un dabbobin da ba mutane ba. Maganganun nata sun tabbatar da cewa idan jarirai mutane, da dattijai, da masu rauni, da nakasassu masu hankali suna da halin ɗabi'a kai tsaye, dabbobin da ba mutane ba dole ne su kasance suna da irin wannan matsayin, tunda babu wata sananniyar halayyar ɗabi'a da waɗancan mutane masu ƙananan keɓaɓɓu suke da dabbobi. rashin. "Matsayi na ɗabi'a" na iya nufin haƙƙin ba a kashe shi ko sanya shi shan wahala ba, ko kuma game da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da za a bi da su ta wata hanya.
Muhawara game da yanayin duniya: Hujjar sararin samaniya , a tiyoloji na ɗabi'a, hujja ce wacce take iƙirarin cewa wanzuwar Allah ana iya bayyana shi daga hujjoji game da sababi, bayani, canji, motsi, yanayi, dogaro, ko ƙima game da sararin samaniya ko wasu jimillar abubuwa. A cosmological shawara kuma iya, wani lokacin za kira a matsayin wani misãli daga duniya causation, an shaida daga farko dalili, ko da causal shawara. Kowace lokacin aiki, akwai bambance-bambancen asali guda biyu na muhawara, kowane ɗayan yana da mahimmancin rarrabewa masu mahimmanci: a cikin (mahimmancin) , da kuma a cikin fieri (zama) .
Farya ta Allah: Rashin allahntaka karya ce mara gaskiya wacce ta hada da jayayya don yanke hukunci bisa hujjar cewa ba abin tsammani bane don ba gaskiya bane.
Ilimin nihilism: Nihilism na ɗabi'a ra'ayi ne na ɗabi'a wanda babu abin da ke daidai ko kuskure.
Hujja daga dalili: Hujja daga dalili hujja ce game da tsarin halitta na zahiri da wanzuwar Allah. Mafi shaharar mai kare hujja shine CS Lewis. Lewis ya fara kare muhawara tsawon lokaci a littafinsa na 1947, Mu'ujiza: Nazarin Farko . A bugu na biyu na al'ajibai (1960), Lewis ya sake dubawa kuma ya fadada batun.
Hujja daga shiru: Yin hujja daga shiru shine bayyana ƙarshen ra'ayi wanda ya dogara da rashi maganganu a cikin takardun tarihi, maimakon kasancewar su. A fagen karatun gargajiya, galibi ana nufin maganar cewa marubuci bai san wani fanni ba, la'akari da rashin nassoshi a rubuce-rubucen marubucin.
Hujja daga tushe mai kyau: Hujjar daga tushe mai kyau hujja ce ta tsinkaye game da samuwar Allah da ke da alaƙa da fideism. Alvin Plantinga yayi jayayya cewa imani da Allah shine ainihin imani na asali, don haka babu wani tushe don imani da Allah da ya zama dole.
Hujja daga tushe mai kyau: Hujjar daga tushe mai kyau hujja ce ta tsinkaye game da samuwar Allah da ke da alaƙa da fideism. Alvin Plantinga yayi jayayya cewa imani da Allah shine ainihin imani na asali, don haka babu wani tushe don imani da Allah da ya zama dole.
Peira don sakamako: Roko zuwa ga sakamako , wanda aka fi sani da argumentum ad consequentiam , hujja ce da ta ƙaddara wata magana ta zama gaskiya ko ƙarya dangane da ko jigogin yana haifar da kyawawan sakamako ko maras so. Wannan ya dogara ne da roko zuwa ga motsin rai kuma wani nau'i ne na rashin tsari, tunda abin da ake so game da sakamakon bai sanya batun gaskiya ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin rarraba sakamako a matsayin mai so ko wanda ba a so, irin waɗannan maganganun a bayyane sun ƙunshi ra'ayoyi na asali.
Hujja daga misalin: Hujja daga kwatankwacin wani nau'i ne na musamman na takaddama mai motsawa, ta inda ake amfani da kamanceceniya a matsayin ginshiƙi don tabbatar da ƙarin kamanceceniyar da ba a kiyaye ba. Dalilin nazarin ilimin lissafi shine ɗayan hanyoyin da ɗan adam ke ƙoƙarin fahimtar duniya da yanke shawara. Lokacin da mutum ya sami ƙwarewar kwarewa game da samfur kuma ya yanke shawarar ba zai sayi wani abu gaba daga mai ƙirar ba, wannan yawanci batun batun kwatancen ne. Har ila yau, a bayyane yake a cikin yawancin ilimin kimiyya; Misali, gwaje-gwajen akan berayen dakin gwaje-gwaje yawanci suna tafiya ne bisa la'akari da cewa wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin beraye da mutane ya haifar da wasu kamanni.
Hujja daga labari: Hujja daga labarin wani zance ne mara ma'ana na yau da kullun, inda aka gabatar da hujjoji a matsayin hujja; ba tare da wata hujja ko dalilai na ba da gudummawa ba. Wannan nau'in hujja ana ɗaukarsa azaman rashin gaskiya ne kamar yadda ba ta da ma'ana - tunda za a iya ƙirƙirar bayanan, ba daidai ba ko kuma zama mai ƙididdigar ƙididdiga wanda ba shi da mahimmanci lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ƙarin shaida. Ana iya samun wannan kuskuren sau da yawa tare da haɗuwa da ɓarna na gaggawa - inda ake yin saurin faɗuwa daga tatsuniyoyin da ba su da tushe.
Hujja daga hukuma: Hujja daga hukuma , wanda kuma ake kira roko zuwa hukuma , ko argumentum ad verecundiam , wani nau'i ne na muhawara wacce ake amfani da ra'ayin hukuma a kan wani fanni a matsayin hujja don tallafawa wata hujja. Wasu na ganin cewa ana amfani da shi a cikin tsari idan dukkan bangarorin tattaunawar sun yarda kan amincin hukuma a mahallin da aka bayar, wasu kuma suna ganin cewa a koda yaushe karya ce kawai a kawo hukuma kan batun da aka tattauna a matsayin babbar hanyar goyon bayan wata hujja.
Hujja daga zane mara kyau: Hujjar daga mummunan zane , wanda kuma aka fi sani da muhawarar dysteleological , hujja ce a kan zaton kasancewar Allah mahalicci, bisa ga dalilin cewa duk wani allah mai iko da iko ko kuma alloli ba zai halicci kwayoyin halitta ba tare da tsinkayen suboptimal zane-zane da ke faruwa a cikin yanayi.
Hujja daga kyau: Hujjar daga kyakkyawa hujja ce game da wanzuwar daular ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba ko kuma, galibi, game da wanzuwar Allah.
Argumentum ad populum: A ka'idar mahawara, muhawara ce ta gardama wacce ta yanke hukunci cewa tilas ne ya zama gaskiya saboda mutane da yawa ko mutane da yawa sun gaskata shi, galibi a taƙaice a rufe cewa: "Idan da yawa sun yi imani da haka, haka ne".
Rewarewar da ba za a iya ragewa ba: Complexwarewar da ba zata iya yuwuwa ba ( IC ) ita ce hujjar cewa wasu tsarin halittu ba zasu iya samuwa ta ƙananan canje-canje masu zuwa ga tsarin aikin da ake da shi ba ta hanyar zaɓin yanayi, saboda babu ƙaramin tsarin hadadden aiki. Complexwarewar da ba zata iya yuwuwa ba ta zama ginshiƙan halittar kirkirar ƙira, amma ƙungiyar masana kimiyya, waɗanda suke ɗaukar ƙirar ƙirar a matsayin ƙage, suna ƙin yarda da mahimmancin rikitarwa. Complexarfin rikitarwa shine ɗayan manyan muhawara biyu waɗanda masu fa'ida cikin ƙira ke amfani da shi, tare da takamaiman rikitarwa.
Ka'idar Anthropic: Tsarin ka'idar halittar mutum shine ka'idar cewa akwai iyakantaccen iyaka akan yadda kididdiga zai iya yiwuwa abubuwan da muke lura dasu game da sararin samaniya, idan aka bamu cewa zamu iya kasancewa ne a cikin nau'ikan halittun da zasu iya bunkasa da wanzar da rayuwa. Masu goyon bayan ka'idar anthropic suna jayayya cewa yana bayanin dalilin da yasa wannan duniyar tamu take da zamani kuma tana da mahimmanci na zahiri don dacewa da rayuwa mai hankali, tunda da kodai ya banbanta, da bamu kasance kusa da yin duba ba. Sau da yawa ana amfani da tunanin Anthropic don magance ra'ayi cewa sararin samaniya kamar yana da kyau daidai.
Hujja daga sani: Hujja daga sani hujja ce game da samuwar Allah bisa sani. Mafi shaharar mai kare hujja daga sani shine JP Moreland.
Argumentum ad populum: A ka'idar mahawara, muhawara ce ta gardama wacce ta yanke hukunci cewa tilas ne ya zama gaskiya saboda mutane da yawa ko mutane da yawa sun gaskata shi, galibi a taƙaice a rufe cewa: "Idan da yawa sun yi imani da haka, haka ne".
Peira don sakamako: Roko zuwa ga sakamako , wanda aka fi sani da argumentum ad consequentiam , hujja ce da ta ƙaddara wata magana ta zama gaskiya ko ƙarya dangane da ko jigogin yana haifar da kyawawan sakamako ko maras so. Wannan ya dogara ne da roko zuwa ga motsin rai kuma wani nau'i ne na rashin tsari, tunda abin da ake so game da sakamakon bai sanya batun gaskiya ba. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin rarraba sakamako a matsayin mai so ko wanda ba a so, irin waɗannan maganganun a bayyane sun ƙunshi ra'ayoyi na asali.
Muhawara game da yanayin duniya: Hujjar sararin samaniya , a tiyoloji na ɗabi'a, hujja ce wacce take iƙirarin cewa wanzuwar Allah ana iya bayyana shi daga hujjoji game da sababi, bayani, canji, motsi, yanayi, dogaro, ko ƙima game da sararin samaniya ko wasu jimillar abubuwa. A cosmological shawara kuma iya, wani lokacin za kira a matsayin wani misãli daga duniya causation, an shaida daga farko dalili, ko da causal shawara. Kowace lokacin aiki, akwai bambance-bambancen asali guda biyu na muhawara, kowane ɗayan yana da mahimmancin rarrabewa masu mahimmanci: a cikin (mahimmancin) , da kuma a cikin fieri (zama) .
Hujja daga digiri: Hujjar daga darajoji , wanda kuma aka fi sani da darajan cikakkiyar hujja ko hujja ta ilimin halitta ba hujja ba ce game da wanzuwar Allah wanda masanin tauhidi na Roman Katolika na zamani ya gabatar da shi a matsayin ɗayan hanyoyi biyar don jayayya ta falsafa don yarda da kasancewar Allah a cikin Summa Theologica . Ya dogara ne akan ilimin tauhidi da tiyoloji na kamala. Malaman ilimin Thomist na zamani galibi suna da sabani akan hujjar magana ta hujja don wannan hujja. A cewar Edward Feser, salon magana da ke cikin rigimar tana da alaƙa da Aristotle fiye da Plato; saboda haka, yayin da gardamar ta nuna gaskiyar game da duniya da abubuwan da ba a fahimta ba, zai fi zama daidai a ce Aquinas yana tunanin Aristotelian realism ne ba Platonic realism da se.
Apira don ba'a: Roko zuwa izgili rashin gaskiya ne wanda ya gabatar da hujjar abokin adawa a matsayin wauta, abin dariya, ko abin dariya, saboda haka bai cancanci a yi la'akari da shi ba.
Takaddama ta waya: Muhawara ta teleological hujja ce game da wanzuwar Allah ko kuma, gabaɗaya, cewa rikitaccen aiki a cikin yanayin duniya wanda yayi kama da tsari shine shaidar mahalicci mai hankali.
Hujja daga sha'awa: Hujja daga sha'awa hujja ce game da samuwar Allah da / ko lahira bayan rayuwa. Mafi shaharar mai kare hujja shine marubucin kirista CS Lewis. A taƙaice kuma a bayyane, gardamar ta bayyana cewa sha'awar ɗan adam don farin ciki na har abada dole ne ya kasance mai iya samun gamsuwa, saboda duk sha'awar halittu na iya samun gamsuwa. An gabatar da sigar mahawara tun daga Tsararru na Tsakiya, kuma gardamar ta ci gaba da samun masu karewa a yau, kamar su Peter Kreeft da Francis Collins.