Implicit-association test, Association theory, Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business

Gwajin haɗin kai: Gwajin haɗin kai ( IAT ) ƙididdigar rikice-rikice ne a fagen ilimin zamantakewar al'umma wanda aka tsara don gano ƙarfin haɗin tunanin mutum tsakanin wakilcin tunanin abubuwa (ra'ayoyi) a cikin ƙwaƙwalwa. Ana amfani dashi galibi don tantance ɓatattun maganganu waɗanda batutuwa masu jarabawa ke gudanarwa, kamar haɗawa da baƙar ma'anar baƙar fata tare da kalmomin da suka dace da baƙar fata. Tsarin gwajin yana da matukar amfani, kuma anyi amfani dashi don bincika nuna bambanci a cikin kungiyoyin launin fata, jinsi, jima'i, shekaru, da addini, gami da kimanta girman kai.
Theoryungiyar ka'ida: Ka'idar ƙungiya ka'ida ce da masanin ilimin kimiya na farko Thomas Graham ya fara inganta a cikin 1861 don bayyana tsarin kwayar halitta na abubuwa masu haɗuwa kamar cellulose da sitaci, yanzu an fahimci cewa polymer ne. Ka'idar ƙungiya ta faɗi cewa irin waɗannan kayan an haɗa su ne da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda aka haɗa tare da wani ƙarfin da ba a sani ba. Graham ya kira waɗannan kayan haɗin gwiwa. Kafin ci gaba da ka'idar macromolecular da Hermann Staudinger ya yi a cikin 1920s, wanda ya bayyana cewa kowane polymer yana da sarƙoƙi na mambobi masu haɗin gwiwa, ka'idar ƙungiya ta kasance mafi yawan samfurin tsarin polymer a cikin masana kimiyya.
Ungiyar don Ci gaban Makarantun Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci: Toungiyar Cigaban Makarantun Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci , wanda aka fi sani da AACSB International, ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun Amurkawa. An kafa shi ne azaman Assemblyungiyar Makarantun Kasuwanci na giungiyoyin Koleji ta Amurka a cikin 1916 don ba da izini ga makarantun kasuwanci, kuma daga baya aka san shi da Americanungiyar Makarantun Kasuwancin Collegiate ta Amurka da kuma theungiyar forasashen Duniya don Ilimin Ilimin.
Ungiyar don Kula da raƙuman daji a Nijar: Toungiyar don Kula da raƙuman daji a Nijar ƙungiya ce da aka kafa don taimakawa raƙuman ƙasar ta Nijar, gami da tabbatar da adana matsugunansu yayin da ake fuskantar ɓarnar faɗaɗa harkar noma.
Ungiya don Ajiye Yugra: Toungiyar don Ajiye Yugra ƙungiya ce ta haƙƙin -an asali na mutanen Khanty, Mansi da Nenets, Finno-Ugrian da Samoyedic makiyaya na Siberia ta Rasha. An kafa kungiyar ne a 1989 don kare filayensu na gargajiya daga masana'antun hakar mai kamar mai, gas, da sare bishiyoyi. Kungiyar ta gudanar da taronta na farko a watan Agusta 1989, kuma ta dauki matakin adawa da sare bishiyoyi a dazukansu.
Toungiyar don Haɗa Demokiradiyya: Toungiyar don haɗa kan Demungiyoyin Demokraɗiyya ( AUD ), ƙungiya ce da ke neman kusanci da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashen dimokiradiyyar duniya. An kafa AUD a 1939 ta Clarence Streit, wakilin New York Times a League of Nations kuma marubucin Union Now . Da farko ana kiranta da suna Inter-Democracy Federal Unionists kafin a sauya mata suna zuwa Tarayyar Tarayya, Inc. a 1940. Alkalin Kotun Koli Owen Roberts ne ya rungumi kokarin kungiyar, tare da alkaluman da suka hada da Harold L. Ickes da John Foster Dulles suma sun goyi bayan shawarar Streit na "Unionungiyar mutanen da ke da 'yanci." Manufofin Tarayyar Tarayya sun sami ci gaba tare da kafa 1949 na Kwamitin Atlantic Union da ke Roberts, wanda ya matsa wa majalisa lamba don bin tarayyar dimokiradiyya kuma wanda Streit ya zauna a kwamitinsa. Karɓar sunan ta na yanzu a cikin 1985, ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa biyu sun sami nasarar nasarar AUD, Streit Council da Ashburn Institute. A halin yanzu shine mai tallafawa shirin Mayme da Herb Frank Scholarship wanda Frank Educational Trust ke tallafawa, yana ba da taimakon kuɗi don binciken digiri na biyu game da haɗin kan ƙasa da tarayya a duniya.
Ungiyar don Ci gaban Makarantun Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci: Toungiyar Cigaban Makarantun Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci , wanda aka fi sani da AACSB International, ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun Amurkawa. An kafa shi ne azaman Assemblyungiyar Makarantun Kasuwanci na giungiyoyin Koleji ta Amurka a cikin 1916 don ba da izini ga makarantun kasuwanci, kuma daga baya aka san shi da Americanungiyar Makarantun Kasuwancin Collegiate ta Amurka da kuma theungiyar forasashen Duniya don Ilimin Ilimin.
Toungiyar don Haɗa Demokiradiyya: Toungiyar don haɗa kan Demungiyoyin Demokraɗiyya ( AUD ), ƙungiya ce da ke neman kusanci da haɗin kai tsakanin ƙasashen dimokiradiyyar duniya. An kafa AUD a 1939 ta Clarence Streit, wakilin New York Times a League of Nations kuma marubucin Union Now . Da farko ana kiranta da suna Inter-Democracy Federal Unionists kafin a sauya mata suna zuwa Tarayyar Tarayya, Inc. a 1940. Alkalin Kotun Koli Owen Roberts ne ya rungumi kokarin kungiyar, tare da alkaluman da suka hada da Harold L. Ickes da John Foster Dulles suma sun goyi bayan shawarar Streit na "Unionungiyar mutanen da ke da 'yanci." Manufofin Tarayyar Tarayya sun sami ci gaba tare da kafa 1949 na Kwamitin Atlantic Union da ke Roberts, wanda ya matsa wa majalisa lamba don bin tarayyar dimokiradiyya kuma wanda Streit ya zauna a kwamitinsa. Karɓar sunan ta na yanzu a cikin 1985, ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa biyu sun sami nasarar nasarar AUD, Streit Council da Ashburn Institute. A halin yanzu shine mai tallafawa shirin Mayme da Herb Frank Scholarship wanda Frank Educational Trust ke tallafawa, yana ba da taimakon kuɗi don binciken digiri na biyu game da haɗin kan ƙasa da tarayya a duniya.
Fiberungiyar fiber: Fibungiyoyin Associationungiyoyi sune axons waɗanda ke haɗa sassan yankuna a cikin ɓangaren kwakwalwa ɗaya.
Imar ƙungiya: Imar ƙungiya ra'ayi ce a cikin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa da kuma musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar sa. Associationimar haɗin ma'amala shine ma'aunin ma'anarta. Babban mai hangen nesa ne game da yadda yake da sauki a koyon sabon bayani game da abin da ya motsa shi, misali don koyon hada shi da motsawa na biyu, ko tuna shi ko gane shi a gwajin ƙwaƙwalwa.
Dokokin kungiyar ba da riba ta hanyar iko: Dokokin da ke tsara ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ƙungiyoyin sa kai sun bambanta a cikin hukunce-hukunce daban-daban.
:Etas: Ñeta Associationungiyar suna gang ƙungiya ce wacce ta faro a tsarin gidan yarin Puerto Rico kuma ta bazu zuwa babban yankin Amurka. Kodayake Puerto Rico tana da ƙananan ƙananan ƙungiyoyin tituna da ke ikirarin ƙauyukan da ke fama da talauci, Ñetas ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi rinjaye, mai kula da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a tsarin gidan yarin tsibirin.
Nonungiyar ba da agaji: Nonungiyar ba da agaji ( NPO ), wanda kuma aka sani da ƙungiya mai zaman kanta , ƙungiya ba ta riba ba , ko ƙungiya mai zaman kanta , ƙungiya ce ta doka wacce aka tsara kuma ana aiki da ita don amfanin jama'a, na jama'a ko na zamantakewar jama'a, ya bambanta da ƙungiyar da ke aiki a matsayin kasuwanci da nufin samar da riba ga masu shi. Kungiyoyin bada agaji suna karkashin takunkumin rashin rarrabawa: duk kudaden shigar da suka wuce kudaden dole ne a sadaukar dashi ga manufar kungiyar, ba wasu masu zaman kansu suka karba ba. Ofungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi da yawa ba sa da riba, gami da yawancin ƙungiyoyin siyasa, makarantu, ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci, majami'u, kungiyoyin kula da zamantakewar jama'a, da kuma haɗin gwiwar mabukaci. Ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu gabaɗaya suna neman izini daga gwamnatoci don keɓe haraji, wasu kuma na iya cancantar karɓar gudummawar cire haraji, amma ƙungiya na iya haɗawa azaman ƙungiyar ba da agaji ba tare da tabbatar da matsayin keɓaɓɓiyar haraji ba.
'Yanci na tarayya: Freedomancin ƙungiya ya ƙunshi duka haƙƙin ɗan adam na shiga ko barin ƙungiyoyi da son rai, da 'yancin ƙungiyar don ɗaukar matakan gama kai don biyan bukatun membobinta, da haƙƙin ƙungiya ta karɓar ko ƙi memba bisa wasu sharuɗɗa. Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin haƙƙin mutum wanda yake haɗuwa tare da wasu mutane don bayyana gaba ɗaya, inganta, bi da / ko kare muradin gama gari. Freedomancin ƙungiya duka haƙƙoƙin mutum ne da haƙƙin gama gari, wanda duk tsarin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya na zamani da na demokraɗiyya suka tabbatar, gami da Dokar haƙƙoƙin Amurka, labarin 11 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar' Yanci da 'Yancin Kanada, doka, gami da shafuffuka 20 da 23 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya da kuma labarin 22 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Sanarwa kan Ka'idoji da Hakkokin Aiki na Laborungiyar Laborasashen Duniya ma sun tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.
'Yanci na tarayya: Freedomancin ƙungiya ya ƙunshi duka haƙƙin ɗan adam na shiga ko barin ƙungiyoyi da son rai, da 'yancin ƙungiyar don ɗaukar matakan gama kai don biyan bukatun membobinta, da haƙƙin ƙungiya ta karɓar ko ƙi memba bisa wasu sharuɗɗa. Ana iya bayyana shi a matsayin haƙƙin mutum wanda yake haɗuwa tare da wasu mutane don bayyana gaba ɗaya, inganta, bi da / ko kare muradin gama gari. Freedomancin ƙungiya duka haƙƙoƙin mutum ne da haƙƙin gama gari, wanda duk tsarin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya na zamani da na demokraɗiyya suka tabbatar, gami da Dokar haƙƙoƙin Amurka, labarin 11 na Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Yarjejeniyar' Yanci da 'Yancin Kanada, doka, gami da shafuffuka 20 da 23 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya da kuma labarin 22 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Sanarwa kan Ka'idoji da Hakkokin Aiki na Laborungiyar Laborasashen Duniya ma sun tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.
Ka'idar montage ta Soviet: Ka'idar monta ta Soviet hanya ce ta fahimta da ƙirƙirar silima wacce ta dogara da gyara. Wannan ita ce babbar gudummawar da masana ilimin fina-finai na Soviet ke bayarwa a siliman na duniya, kuma sun kawo tsari na zamani don yin fim.
Ationalungiya: Ationalungiyar tarayya ko demokraɗiyya ta ƙungiya ƙungiya ce ta siyasa wacce a cikinta "jin daɗin ɗan adam da walwala duka za a yi aiki da su yayin da yawancin al'amuran al'umma ke gudana ana gudanar da su ta ƙungiyoyin sa kai da mulkin demokraɗiyya masu cin gashin kansu." Ungiyar ƙungiya "tana ba da fifiko ga 'yanci a cikin mizanan ƙa'idodinta, amma tana jayayya cewa za a iya samun irin wannan' yanci ne kawai idan mutane suka haɗa kai da takwarorinsu"
Tarayya: Ismungiyoyi shine ra'ayin cewa ayyukan tunani suna aiki ta ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ƙasa ɗaya tare da jihohin da zasu gaje ta. Yana riƙe da cewa duk matakan tunani suna haɗuwa da abubuwa na hankali da haɗuwarsu, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa sun kasance da jin daɗi ko sauƙin ji. A cikin falsafa, ana ɗaukar wannan ra'ayin azaman sakamakon ikon mulkin mallaka da jin daɗi. Manufar ta ƙunshi ka'idar tunanin mutum da kuma cikakken falsafar falsafa da hanyoyin kimiyya.
Tarayya: Ismungiyoyi shine ra'ayin cewa ayyukan tunani suna aiki ta ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ƙasa ɗaya tare da jihohin da zasu gaje ta. Yana riƙe da cewa duk matakan tunani suna haɗuwa da abubuwa na hankali da haɗuwarsu, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa sun kasance da jin daɗi ko sauƙin ji. A cikin falsafa, ana ɗaukar wannan ra'ayin azaman sakamakon ikon mulkin mallaka da jin daɗi. Manufar ta ƙunshi ka'idar tunanin mutum da kuma cikakken falsafar falsafa da hanyoyin kimiyya.
Tarayya: Ismungiyoyi shine ra'ayin cewa ayyukan tunani suna aiki ta ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ƙasa ɗaya tare da jihohin da zasu gaje ta. Yana riƙe da cewa duk matakan tunani suna haɗuwa da abubuwa na hankali da haɗuwarsu, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa sun kasance da jin daɗi ko sauƙin ji. A cikin falsafa, ana ɗaukar wannan ra'ayin azaman sakamakon ikon mulkin mallaka da jin daɗi. Manufar ta ƙunshi ka'idar tunanin mutum da kuma cikakken falsafar falsafa da hanyoyin kimiyya.
Tarayya: Ismungiyoyi shine ra'ayin cewa ayyukan tunani suna aiki ta ƙungiyar ƙungiyar ƙasa ɗaya tare da jihohin da zasu gaje ta. Yana riƙe da cewa duk matakan tunani suna haɗuwa da abubuwa na hankali da haɗuwarsu, waɗanda aka yi imanin cewa sun kasance da jin daɗi ko sauƙin ji. A cikin falsafa, ana ɗaukar wannan ra'ayin azaman sakamakon ikon mulkin mallaka da jin daɗi. Manufar ta ƙunshi ka'idar tunanin mutum da kuma cikakken falsafar falsafa da hanyoyin kimiyya.
Ungiya: Mayungiyar na iya koma zuwa: Club (kungiya), ƙungiya ce ta mutane biyu ko sama da haka waɗanda suka haɗa kai tare da manufa ɗaya ko manufa ɗaya Ungiyar kasuwanci, ƙungiyar da aka kafa da tallafawa ta kasuwancin da ke aiki a cikin takamaiman masana'antu Associationungiyar son rai, ƙungiya ce da mutane suka kafa don cim ma wata manufa, yawanci a matsayin masu sa kai
Ungiya: Mayungiyar na iya koma zuwa: Club (kungiya), ƙungiya ce ta mutane biyu ko sama da haka waɗanda suka haɗa kai tare da manufa ɗaya ko manufa ɗaya Ungiyar kasuwanci, ƙungiyar da aka kafa da tallafawa ta kasuwancin da ke aiki a cikin takamaiman masana'antu Associationungiyar son rai, ƙungiya ce da mutane suka kafa don cim ma wata manufa, yawanci a matsayin masu sa kai
Dokar Haɗakar da :ungiyoyi: Dokar Hada Kamfanoni na iya komawa zuwa: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Queensland) Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Victoria) Dokar Haɗin Kan Associungiyoyi (1984) Dokar Haɗin Kan Associungiyoyi (1985)
Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 na iya koma zuwa: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Queensland) Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Victoria)
Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 na iya koma zuwa: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Queensland) Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Victoria)
Dokar Haɗakar da :ungiyoyi: Dokar Hada Kamfanoni na iya komawa zuwa: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Queensland) Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Victoria) Dokar Haɗin Kan Associungiyoyi (1984) Dokar Haɗin Kan Associungiyoyi (1985)
Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 na iya koma zuwa: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Queensland) Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Victoria)
Dokar Haɗin Kan Associungiyoyi 1981 (Queensland): Dokar Haɗaɗɗun Associungiyoyi 1981 aiki ne na Majalisar Queensland don tsara al'amuran ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa.
Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Victoria): Dokar Haɗakar 198ungiyoyi ta 1981 (Victoria) aikin Majalisar Victoria ce a Ostiraliya don yin tanadi don haɗa wasu ƙungiyoyi, don ƙa'idodin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar.
Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 na iya koma zuwa: Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Queensland) Dokar Haɗin gwiwar 198ungiyoyi 1981 (Victoria)
Dokar Associungiyoyi: Dokar Associungiyoyi doka ce a Iraƙi, wacce ke tsara jam'iyyun siyasa bisa doka. An fitar da dokar ne a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1960. Kafin zartar da wannan doka, an dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa tun daga 1954. Dokar ta fara aiki ne a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1960.
Americanungiyar ofungiyar ofungiyar (ungiyar ta (asar Amirka: Societyungiyar zartarwa ta Americanungiyar ( ASAE ) ta Amurka ita ce ƙungiyar membobi da muryar ƙungiyar ƙungiyar. An kafa shi a cikin 1920 kuma yana da hedkwata a Washington, DC, ASAE na da sama da shugabannin gudanarwa na 42,000, kwararrun ma'aikata, abokan masana'antu, da mambobi masu ba da shawara a cikin kungiyoyi sama da 7,400
Desungiyar des Écrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires: Desungiyar des Écrivains et Artistes Révolutionnaires ( AEAR ) ƙungiya ce ta Faransa ta zane-zane da marubuta masu neman sauyi da ke aiki tsakanin 1932 da 1939.
Associungiyoyi a cikin tsohuwar Rome: A cikin tsohuwar Rome, ƙa'idar ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta sami karɓuwa daga farkon jihar. Sodalitates ga addini dalilai ne da aka ambata a cikin XII Tables, kuma collegia opificum, ko cinikayya guilds, aka yi imanin sun kafa ta Numa Pompilius, wanda mai yiwuwa na nufin cewa su aka kayyade ta jus divinum kamar yadda ake dangantawa da musamman asiri.
Ungiyoyi a cikin dokar Turanci: Ungiyoyi a cikin dokar Ingilishi ƙungiyoyi ne na mutane waɗanda aka kirkira kuma suke aiki don manufa ɗaya. A cikin Burtaniya, dokar Ingilishi da ta Scots ta banbanta a cikin ka'idojin kwangila da kadarori, kodayake da yawa daga Dokokin Majalisar game da ƙungiyoyi sun zama gama gari ga duka ikon. Manyan nau'ikan ƙungiyoyi guda biyar a cikin dokar Ingilishi sune: ƙungiyoyin tarayya na gama gari, waɗanda ba a haɗa su a ƙarƙashin kowane Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ba, amma suna wanzu ne kawai ta hanyar yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya; yawanci ana kiran ƙungiyoyin da ba a haɗa su ba kungiyoyin kwadago, wadanda kuma aka samar da su ta hanyar yarjejeniyar doka ta bai daya, amma suna karkashin tsari na musamman a karkashin Dokar Kungiyar Kwadago da Hadin gwiwar Kwadago (Hadin gwiwa) a dokar 1992 kawance, wanda ke tasowa kai tsaye lokacin da mutane suka yi aiki tare don amfanin riba, kuma ana tsara shi ta Dokar Kawance ta 1890, ko kuma a sake yin rajista tare da iyakance abin alhaki ga mafi yawan abokan aiki a karkashin Dokar Kawancen Iyaka ta 1907, ko kuma ga duk abokan hulda a karkashin Iyakantaccen Laifin Kawancen Dokar 2000 amintattun da aka ƙirƙira su ta hanyar yarda da duk waɗanda ke da hannu, amma an yi niyya da kyau don su kasance halaye kamfanonin da aka sanya su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kamfanoni 2006 ta rajista a Gidan Kamfanoni, wanda zai iya haɗawa da, kamfanoni da ke da alhaki mara iyaka ga membobinsu kamfani mai zaman kansa yana iyakance abin alhaki ga membobin bisa ga hannun jarin hannun jarin da suka saka kamfani tare da hannun jarin kasuwancin jama'a da iyakance abin alhaki ga membobin bisa ga hannun jari kamfanin da alhakin membobin sa ya iyakance ga adadin da suka lamunce
Associungiyoyi a cikin tsohuwar Rome: A cikin tsohuwar Rome, ƙa'idar ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta sami karɓuwa daga farkon jihar. Sodalitates ga addini dalilai ne da aka ambata a cikin XII Tables, kuma collegia opificum, ko cinikayya guilds, aka yi imanin sun kafa ta Numa Pompilius, wanda mai yiwuwa na nufin cewa su aka kayyade ta jus divinum kamar yadda ake dangantawa da musamman asiri.
Associungiyoyi a cikin tsohuwar Rome: A cikin tsohuwar Rome, ƙa'idar ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta sami karɓuwa daga farkon jihar. Sodalitates ga addini dalilai ne da aka ambata a cikin XII Tables, kuma collegia opificum, ko cinikayya guilds, aka yi imanin sun kafa ta Numa Pompilius, wanda mai yiwuwa na nufin cewa su aka kayyade ta jus divinum kamar yadda ake dangantawa da musamman asiri.
Ungiyoyin 'yan jaridar muhalli: A duk duniya, 'yan jaridar da ke ba da rahoto game da matsalolin muhalli kamar sare bishiyar, gurɓacewar muhalli da canjin yanayi, suna kafa hanyoyin sadarwa da ƙungiyoyi. Mafi girman waɗannan - ofungiyar 'Yan Jaridun Muhalli a Amurka - an kafa ta a 1990 kuma tana da mambobi sama da 1400. Tun daga wannan lokacin, 'yan jarida sun kafa sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa a Afirka, Asiya da sauran yankuna. Wadannan ayyukan da wadannan kungiyoyi suke aiwatarwa sun hada da shirye-shiryen horo, nasiha ga 'yan jarida, da bayar da shawarwari don daukaka martabar batutuwan muhalli a kafafen yada labarai. A cikin Afirka da Asiya, waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwar suna aiki don tara kuɗi don tallafawa ingantaccen rahoto kan al'amuran muhalli. James Fahn, darektan Cibiyar Sadarwar Jarida ta Duniya, ya lura duk da cewa masu bayar da agaji galibi ba sa son tallafa wa wadannan kungiyoyin aikin jarida kamar yadda suke ba kungiyoyin kare muhalli.
Ofungiyoyi na kyawawan ayyuka: Associationsungiyoyin ayyukan alheri ƙungiyoyi ne na addinin asali na lardin Hebei, ko kuma "Yankin Pear" na China. Congungiyar Sunan Dragon yana ɗayan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi na masu kyautatawa.
Ofungiyar Krista masu aminci: A cikin Cocin Katolika, ƙungiyar kiristocin masu aminci ko kuma kawai ƙungiyar masu aminci rukuni ne na mutanen da suka yi baftisma, malamai ko 'yan boko ko duka biyun tare, waɗanda, bisa ga Dokar 1983 na Dokar Canon, haɗuwa tare don haɓaka cikakkiyar rayuwa ko inganta bautar jama'a ko koyarwar Kirista, ko waɗanda ke ba da kansu ga wasu ayyukan manzo.
Associungiyoyi na Cocin Church of Christ: Yawancin taruka talatin da takwas na Churchungiyar Ikilisiya ta Kiristi an rarraba su cikin ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda su kansu aka yi daga majami'u na gari. Waɗannan taron ba tare da ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da matsayinsu a cikin aikinsu ba. Churchasar weslean coci Associationungiyar Bay Gateungiyar Goldenofar Zinare Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Kwarin Mountain Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Sacramento Cungiyar Santa Clara Seungiyar Sequoia Taron Kudancin California Nevada Centralungiyar Tsakiya Associationungiyar Gabas Kungiyar Arewa Southernungiyar Kudancin Calvin Synod — taron majalisar zartarwar shine keɓance majami'u wanda ya ƙunshi majami'u waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adun Gyaran Hungary. Babban Classis Yankin Gabas Classis na Yankin Lakes Western Classis Babban taron na Atlantic Cungiyar Catoctin Cheungiyar Chesapeake Jerseyungiyar New Jersey Ungiyar Potomac Ungiyar Shenandoah Taron Tsakiyar Pacific Pacificungiyar Pacific ta Tsakiya Idaungiyar Idaho Taron Connecticut Centralungiyar Tsakiya Eastungiyar Eastungiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya Fieldungiyar Fairfield West Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Farmington Hungiyar Hartford Eastungiyar Hartford ta Gabas Northungiyar Arewa ta Litchfield Southungiyar Kudu ta Litchfiled Sexungiyar Middlesex Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Naugatuck Sabuwar Haven Association Sabuwar Haven East Association Sabuwar Kungiyar London Olungiyar Tollandj Windungiyar Windham Taron Florida Taron Hawaii Ofungiyar Ikklesiyoyin Ikklesiyoyin bisharar Hawaii (ba yanki ba) Islandungiyar Tsibirin Hawai'i Kaungiyar Kaua'i Kungiyar O'ahu -Ungiyar Tri-Isle Taron Illinois Metungiyar Metropolitan ta Chicago Associationungiyar Gabas Valleyungiyar Fox Valley Praungiyar Prairie Associationungiyar Yammaci Taron Ta Kudu na Illinois Taron Indiana-Kentucky Associationungiyar Gabas Ansungiyar Evansville-Tri-State Kungiyar Kentuckiana Lungiyar Lincolnland Ungiyar arewa maso gabas Northungiyar Arewa maso Yamma Ungiyar Kudu maso Gabas Valleyungiyar Wabash Valley Associationungiyar Yammaci Taron Iowa Centralungiyar Tsakiya Iungiyar Iowa ta Gabas Ungiyar arewa maso gabas Northungiyar Arewa maso Yamma Ungiyar Kudu maso Gabas Southungiyar Kudu maso Yamma Taron Kansas-Oklahoma Centralungiyar Tsakiya Associationungiyar Gabas Centralungiyar Arewa ta Tsakiya Ungiyar Oklahoma Associationungiyar Yammaci Taron Maine Aungiyar Aroostook Ungiyar Cumberland Linungiyar Franklin Coungiyar Hancock-Waldo Valleyungiyar Kwarin Kennebec Lungiyar Lincoln Fordungiyar Unionungiyar Oxford Oungiyar Penobscot-Piscataquis Washingtonungiyar Washington Yorkungiyar York Taron Massachusetts Barnungiyar Barnstable Berungiyar Berkshire Associationungiyar Tsakiya Linungiyar Franklin Pungiyar Hampden Hamungiyar Hampshire Bostonungiyar Tarayyar Boston Ungiyar arewa maso gabas Coloungiyar Coloungiyar Oldungiyoyi Associationungiyar Alhazai
Ofungiyar Krista masu aminci: A cikin Cocin Katolika, ƙungiyar kiristocin masu aminci ko kuma kawai ƙungiyar masu aminci rukuni ne na mutanen da suka yi baftisma, malamai ko 'yan boko ko duka biyun tare, waɗanda, bisa ga Dokar 1983 na Dokar Canon, haɗuwa tare don haɓaka cikakkiyar rayuwa ko inganta bautar jama'a ko koyarwar Kirista, ko waɗanda ke ba da kansu ga wasu ayyukan manzo.
Associungiyoyi na Cocin Church of Christ: Yawancin taruka talatin da takwas na Churchungiyar Ikilisiya ta Kiristi an rarraba su cikin ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda su kansu aka yi daga majami'u na gari. Waɗannan taron ba tare da ƙungiyoyi sun haɗa da matsayinsu a cikin aikinsu ba. Churchasar weslean coci Associationungiyar Bay Gateungiyar Goldenofar Zinare Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Kwarin Mountain Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Sacramento Cungiyar Santa Clara Seungiyar Sequoia Taron Kudancin California Nevada Associationungiyar Tsakiya Associationungiyar Gabas Kungiyar Arewa Southernungiyar Kudancin Calvin Synod — taron majalisar zartarwar shine keɓance majami'u wanda ya ƙunshi majami'u waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adun Gyaran Hungary. Babban Classis Yankin Gabas Classis na Yankin Lakes Western Classis Babban taron na Atlantic Cungiyar Catoctin Cheungiyar Chesapeake Jerseyungiyar New Jersey Ungiyar Potomac Ungiyar Shenandoah Taron Tsakiyar Pacific Pacificungiyar Pacific ta Tsakiya Idaungiyar Idaho Taron Connecticut Associationungiyar Tsakiya Eastungiyar Eastungiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya Fieldungiyar Fairfield West Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Farmington Hungiyar Hartford Eastungiyar Hartford ta Gabas Northungiyar Arewa ta Litchfield Southungiyar Kudu ta Litchfiled Sexungiyar Middlesex Valleyungiyar Valleyungiyar Naugatuck Sabuwar Haven Association Sabuwar Haven East Association Sabuwar Kungiyar London Olungiyar Tollandj Windungiyar Windham Taron Florida Taron Hawaii Ofungiyar Ikklesiyoyin Ikklesiyoyin bisharar Hawaii (ba yanki ba) Islandungiyar Tsibirin Hawai'i Kaungiyar Kaua'i Kungiyar O'ahu -Ungiyar Tri-Isle Taron Illinois Metungiyar Metropolitan ta Chicago Associationungiyar Gabas Valleyungiyar Fox Valley Praungiyar Prairie Associationungiyar Yammaci Taron Ta Kudu na Illinois Taron Indiana-Kentucky Associationungiyar Gabas Ansungiyar Evansville-Tri-State Kungiyar Kentuckiana Lungiyar Lincolnland Ungiyar arewa maso gabas Northungiyar Arewa maso Yamma Ungiyar Kudu maso Gabas Valleyungiyar Wabash Valley Associationungiyar Yammaci Taron Iowa Associationungiyar Tsakiya Iungiyar Iowa ta Gabas Ungiyar arewa maso gabas Northungiyar Arewa maso Yamma Ungiyar Kudu maso Gabas Southungiyar Kudu maso Yamma Taron Kansas-Oklahoma Associationungiyar Tsakiya Associationungiyar Gabas Centralungiyar Arewa ta Tsakiya Ungiyar Oklahoma Associationungiyar Yammaci Taron Maine Aungiyar Aroostook Ungiyar Cumberland Linungiyar Franklin Coungiyar Hancock-Waldo Valleyungiyar Kwarin Kennebec Lungiyar Lincoln Fordungiyar Unionungiyar Oxford Oungiyar Penobscot-Piscataquis Washingtonungiyar Washington Yorkungiyar York Taron Massachusetts Barnungiyar Barnstable Berungiyar Berkshire Associationungiyar Tsakiya Linungiyar Franklin Pungiyar Hampden Hamungiyar Hampshire Bostonungiyar Tarayyar Boston Ungiyar arewa maso gabas Coloungiyar Coloungiyar Oldungiyoyi Associationungiyar Alhazai
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Agnosia: Agnosia shine rashin iya aiwatar da bayanan azanci. Sau da yawa akan rasa ikon gane abubuwa, mutane, sautuna, siffofi, ko ƙamshi yayin da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar ba ta da lahani kuma ba a sami mahimman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba. Yawanci ana haɗuwa da raunin ƙwaƙwalwa ko rashin lafiyar jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, musamman bayan lalacewar iyakar occipitotemporal, wanda wani ɓangare ne na kwararar iska. Agnosia yana shafar ɗayan tsari ne kawai, kamar hangen nesa ko ji. Kwanan nan kwanan nan, katsewar sama zuwa ƙasa ana ɗaukarta don haifar da rikicewar sarrafa bayanan fahimta.
Algebra mai haɗa kai: A cikin ilimin lissafi, algebra mai haɗin gwiwa tsari ne na aljebra tare da aiki mai dacewa na ƙari, ƙari, da haɓakar sikelin abubuwa ta wasu fanni. Theari da haɓaka aiki tare suna ba A tsarin zoben; kari da yawaitar aiki tare yana ba A tsarin sararin samaniya akan K. A cikin wannan labarin kuma za mu yi amfani da kalmar K -algebra don nufin algebra mai haɗin gwiwa akan filin K. Misali na farko na K -algebra shine zoben matir murabba'i akan filin K , tare da yawan yawan matrix.
Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki kalma ce ta mutane daban daban a duniya. Ga wasu daga cikin wadannan aikin falsafa dan Austriya kuma mai tunani game da zamantakewa Rudolf Steiner is a reference. Steiner ya gabatar da darasi na laccoci a cikin 1922 inda ya gabatar da ra'ayinsa cewa da zuwan tattalin arzikin duniya, kimiyyar tattalin arziki zai bukaci daukar wani mataki na gaba, wanda ya hada da karin bayani kan tsarin tattalin arziki, cikakken bincike kan harkokin kudi, da kuma kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda, ta hanyar rarraba aiki, tushen haɗin rayuwar tattalin arziki ya bayyana. Tattalin Arziki na tarayya ya jaddada ci gaban tsarin daidaito na masu kerawa, masu rarrabawa, da masu amfani. Tana fahimtar tattalin arziƙin duniya a matsayin yanki guda ɗaya, wanda ɗan adam ke biyan buƙatun juna. An kira shi "haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki" saboda burinta yanki ne na tattalin arziki wanda ƙungiyoyi na kamfanonin kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin masu sayayya ke gudanar da shi maimakon hannun hannu mara ganuwa na kasuwar makafi kuma maimakon gwamnati.
Associungiyar tarayya: Entungiyar mahaɗa kalma ce da ake amfani da ita cikin ka'idar dangantaka da mahaɗan mahaɗan. Bayanan bayanan dangantaka yana buƙatar aiwatar da alaƙar tushe don warware alaƙar mutane da yawa. Ana kiran tushen alaƙa da ke wakiltar wannan nau'in, ba da izini ba, teburin haɗin kai .
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Memorywaƙwalwar ajiyar adireshi: Memorywaƙwalwar ajiyar abun ciki ( CAM ) nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta ce ta musamman da ake amfani da ita a cikin wasu aikace-aikacen bincike masu saurin gaske. Hakanan ana kiranta da associwa orwalwar ajiya ko ajiyar ma'amala kuma yana kwatanta bayanan binciken shigarwa akan teburin bayanan da aka adana, kuma yana dawo da adireshin bayanan da ya dace.
Misalin haɗin bayanai: Samfurin haɗin bayanai shine samfurin bayanai don tsarin tsarin bayanai. Sauran samfuran bayanai, kamar su tsarin alaƙarmu da samfurin bayanan abin, ana yin su ne bisa bayanai. Waɗannan samfuran sun haɗa da halayen haɗi game da abu, kamar mota, a cikin tsarin rikodin. Irin waɗannan halayen na iya zama rajista, launi, zane, samfuri, da dai sauransu. A cikin samfurin haɗin gwiwa, duk abin da ke da "wanzuwar zaman kansa mai zaman kansa" ana yin kamarsa da mahaɗan, kuma ana yin alaƙar da ke tsakanin su kamar ƙungiyoyi. Matsakaicin bayanan da aka wakilta bayanai daidai yake da makircin da Chen ya gabatar; Bracchi, Paolini da Pelagatti; da Senko.
Movementungiyar ativeungiyar Italiasashen waje Italiasar Italiya: Movementungiyar ativeungiyar ativeasashen Italiyan da ke Abasashen waje ƙungiya ce ta siyasa ta Italiya da ke wakiltar ansasar Italiya a ƙasashen waje. An kafa shi a cikin Argentina kuma yafi aiki a Kudancin Amurka, MAIE jam'iyya ce ta tsakiya.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Algebra mai haɗa kai: A cikin ilimin lissafi, algebra mai haɗin gwiwa tsari ne na aljebra tare da aiki mai dacewa na ƙari, ƙari, da haɓakar sikelin abubuwa ta wasu fanni. Theari da haɓaka aiki tare suna ba A tsarin zoben; kari da yawaitar aiki tare yana ba A tsarin sararin samaniya akan K. A cikin wannan labarin kuma za mu yi amfani da kalmar K -algebra don nufin algebra mai haɗin gwiwa akan filin K. Misali na farko na K -algebra shine zoben matir murabba'i akan filin K , tare da yawan yawan matrix.
Ilmantarwa jerin haɗin kai: Karatuttukan ilmantarwa na haɗin kai ( ASL ) yayi bayanin yadda ƙananan igiyoyin madubi ke iya daidaita da ayyukan da aka gani da aikata su, da kuma yadda mutane ke iya yin kwaikwayon motsin jiki. Cecilia Heyes ne ya gabatar da wannan ka'idar a shekara ta 2000 .. Wani kwatankwacin tsari wanda Christian Keysers da David Perrett suka gabatar, dangane da abin da muka sani game da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar ƙirar madubi da filastik mai dogara da lokaci-lokaci shine asusun koyon Hebbian na ƙirar madubi. .
Agnosia: Agnosia shine rashin iya aiwatar da bayanan azanci. Sau da yawa akan rasa ikon gane abubuwa, mutane, sautuna, siffofi, ko ƙamshi yayin da ƙayyadaddun ma'anar ba ta da lahani kuma ba a sami mahimman ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba. Yawanci ana haɗuwa da raunin ƙwaƙwalwa ko rashin lafiyar jijiyoyin jijiyoyi, musamman bayan lalacewar iyakar occipitotemporal, wanda wani ɓangare ne na kwararar iska. Agnosia yana shafar ɗayan tsari ne kawai, kamar hangen nesa ko ji. Kwanan nan kwanan nan, katsewar sama zuwa ƙasa ana ɗaukarta don haifar da rikicewar sarrafa bayanan fahimta.
Algebra mai haɗa kai: A cikin ilimin lissafi, algebra mai haɗin gwiwa tsari ne na aljebra tare da aiki mai dacewa na ƙari, ƙari, da haɓakar sikelin abubuwa ta wasu fanni. Theari da haɓaka aiki tare suna ba A tsarin zoben; kari da yawaitar aiki tare yana ba A tsarin sararin samaniya akan K. A cikin wannan labarin kuma za mu yi amfani da kalmar K -algebra don nufin algebra mai haɗin gwiwa akan filin K. Misali na farko na K -algebra shine zoben matir murabba'i akan filin K , tare da yawan yawan matrix.
Algebra mai haɗa kai: A cikin ilimin lissafi, algebra mai haɗin gwiwa tsari ne na aljebra tare da aiki mai dacewa na ƙari, ƙari, da haɓakar sikelin abubuwa ta wasu fanni. Theari da haɓaka aiki tare suna ba A tsarin zoben; kari da yawaitar aiki tare yana ba A tsarin sararin samaniya akan K. A cikin wannan labarin kuma za mu yi amfani da kalmar K -algebra don nufin algebra mai haɗin gwiwa akan filin K. Misali na farko na K -algebra shine zoben matir murabba'i akan filin K , tare da yawan yawan matrix.
Shirye-shiryen haɗin kai: A cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta, tsararru masu ma'amala , taswira , teburin alama , ko ƙamus kamannun bayanan bayanai ne waɗanda aka haɗu da tarin nau'i-nau'i, kamar kowane maɓalli mai yuwuwa ya bayyana a mafi sau ɗaya a cikin tarin. Ba za a rude shi tare da Masu Gudanar da Associungiyoyi ba
Shirye-shiryen haɗin kai: A cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta, tsararru masu ma'amala , taswira , teburin alama , ko ƙamus kamannun bayanan bayanai ne waɗanda aka haɗu da tarin nau'i-nau'i, kamar kowane maɓalli mai yuwuwa ya bayyana a mafi sau ɗaya a cikin tarin. Ba za a rude shi tare da Masu Gudanar da Associungiyoyi ba
Bialgebroid na tarayya: A ilimin lissafi, idan ne associative aljabara kan wasu ƙasa filin k, sa'an nan a hagu associative -bialgebroid wani haɗin k -algebra ne tare da wadannan karin taswira: taswirar aljebra ake kira taswirar tushe, taswirar aljebra da ake kira manufa map, sab soda haka, abubuwa na hotuna na kuma yi zirga-zirga a , saboda haka haifar da wani -bimodule tsarin kan ta hanyar doka domin ; wani -bimodule morphism wanda ake buƙata ya zama haɗaɗɗiyar haɗin gwiwar yanki akan a cikin nau'in monoidal na -bimodules tare da samfurin monoidal . Counidaya daidai ana buƙatar kasancewa halayyar hagu. Bugu da ƙari, daidaitawa tsakanin haɗawa kuma ninkawa akan kuma a kan ake bukata. Ga mai ba da gudummawa , filin tensor ba aljebra bane, saboda haka yana neman daidaituwa kamar-bialgebra hakan is morphism of k -algebras baya da ma'ana. Madadin haka, mutum yana buƙatar hakan yana da k -subspace wanda yake dauke da hoton kuma yana da kyakkyawan sanadin ninkawa wanda aka jawo daga farkonsa a karkashin hasashe daga saba aljebra tensor square . Sannan mutum yana buƙatar ƙuntatawa shine tsarin algebras na yau da kullun. Idan kuwa homomorphism ne ga irin wannan , mutum na iya yin zaɓin canonical don , Wato abin da ake kira samfurin Takeuchi , wanda koyaushe yana samun haɗin haɗin ta hanyar tsinkaye daga . Don haka, ya isa a bincika idan hoton na yana cikin kayan Takeuchi maimakon neman wani . Kamar yadda Brzeziński da Militaru suka nuna, ra'ayin bialgebroid yayi daidai da ra'ayin -algebra da Takeuchi ya gabatar a baya, a cikin 1977.	A ilimin lissafi, idan
Binciken bincike: Binciken bincike shine sunan masu sana'a don hanyoyi da yawa na binciken yanar gizo. Waɗannan hanyoyin yawanci ana tallafawa su ta wani nau'in kayan aikin ganowa kuma ana ɗaukarsu da ƙwarewa.
CPU cache: Cache ta CPU cache ce ta kayan aiki wanda cibiyar sarrafawa ta tsakiya (CPU) ke amfani da ita ta komputa don rage tsadar kuɗi don samun damar bayanai daga babban ƙwaƙwalwar. Achearin ajiya ƙarami ne, mafi saurin ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda yake kusa da ainihin mai sarrafawa, wanda ke adana kwafin bayanan daga manyan wuraren ƙwaƙwalwar da ake yawan amfani da su. Yawancin CPUs suna da matsayi na matakan matakan ɓoye da yawa, tare da keɓaɓɓen umarnin musamman da keɓaɓɓun ɗakunan ajiya a matakin 1.
Shari'ar tarayya: Shari'ar hadewa ita ce lafazin nahawu wanda ke nuna alaƙa wanda yake, kodayake yana da alaƙa, ba kama da comitativity ba, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar amfani da shari'ar kwatankwacin.
Classwararren ƙungiya Classwararren mai rarraba ƙungiya (AC) wani nau'i ne na tsarin ilmantarwa wanda ke amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙungiya don sanya darajar manufa. Bing Liu et al. Ne ya kirkiro kalmar rarrabuwa mai hade da juna, wanda marubutan suka ayyana wani abin kirki da aka kirkira da ka'idoji "wanda bangaren hanun dama ya takaita ga yanayin rarrabuwa".
Shirye-shiryen haɗin kai: A cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta, tsararru masu ma'amala , taswira , teburin alama , ko ƙamus kamannun bayanan bayanai ne waɗanda aka haɗu da tarin nau'i-nau'i, kamar kowane maɓalli mai yuwuwa ya bayyana a mafi sau ɗaya a cikin tarin. Ba za a rude shi tare da Masu Gudanar da Associungiyoyi ba
Kwantena masu haɗin gwiwa: A cikin sarrafa kwamfuta, kwantena masu haɗa kai suna nuni zuwa rukuni na samfuran aji a cikin ɗakunan karatu na yau da kullun na yaren shirye-shiryen C ++ waɗanda ke aiwatar da tsari mai haɗa kai. Kasancewa samfuran, ana iya amfani dasu don adana abubuwan sabani, kamar adadi ko azuzuwan al'ada. An bayyana ma'anar kwantena masu zuwa a cikin bita na halin yanzu na daidaitaccen C ++: set , map , multiset , multimap . Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kwantena ya bambanta kawai akan ƙuntatawa da aka sanya akan abubuwan su.
Kwantena masu haɗin gwiwa: A cikin sarrafa kwamfuta, kwantena masu haɗa kai suna nuni zuwa rukuni na samfuran aji a cikin ɗakunan karatu na yau da kullun na yaren shirye-shiryen C ++ waɗanda ke aiwatar da tsari mai haɗa kai. Kasancewa samfuran, ana iya amfani dasu don adana abubuwan sabani, kamar adadi ko azuzuwan al'ada. An bayyana ma'anar kwantena masu zuwa a cikin bita na halin yanzu na daidaitaccen C ++: set , map , multiset , multimap . Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kwantena ya bambanta kawai akan ƙuntatawa da aka sanya akan abubuwan su.
Misalin haɗin bayanai: Samfurin haɗin bayanai shine samfurin bayanai don tsarin tsarin bayanai. Sauran samfuran bayanai, kamar su tsarin alaƙarmu da samfurin bayanan abin, ana yin su ne bisa bayanai. Waɗannan samfuran sun haɗa da halayen haɗi game da abu, kamar mota, a cikin tsarin rikodin. Irin waɗannan halayen na iya zama rajista, launi, zane, samfuri, da dai sauransu. A cikin samfurin haɗin gwiwa, duk abin da ke da "wanzuwar zaman kansa mai zaman kansa" ana yin kamarsa da mahaɗan, kuma ana yin alaƙar da ke tsakanin su kamar ƙungiyoyi. Matsakaicin bayanan da aka wakilta bayanai daidai yake da makircin da Chen ya gabatar; Bracchi, Paolini da Pelagatti; da Senko.
Ationalungiya: Ationalungiyar tarayya ko demokraɗiyya ta ƙungiya ƙungiya ce ta siyasa wacce a cikinta "jin daɗin ɗan adam da walwala duka za a yi aiki da su yayin da yawancin al'amuran al'umma ke gudana ana gudanar da su ta ƙungiyoyin sa kai da mulkin demokraɗiyya masu cin gashin kansu." Ungiyar ƙungiya "tana ba da fifiko ga 'yanci a cikin mizanan ƙa'idodinta, amma tana jayayya cewa za a iya samun irin wannan' yanci ne kawai idan mutane suka haɗa kai da takwarorinsu"
Raba algebra: A fagen ilimin lissafi da ake kira abstrage algebra, rarrabuwa algebra shine, a takaice magana, aljabara ce akan wani fanni wanda rabo, banda sifili, koyaushe yana yiwuwa.
Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin tattalin arziki kalma ce ta mutane daban daban a duniya. Ga wasu daga cikin wadannan aikin falsafa dan Austriya kuma mai tunani game da zamantakewa Rudolf Steiner is a reference. Steiner ya gabatar da darasi na laccoci a cikin 1922 inda ya gabatar da ra'ayinsa cewa da zuwan tattalin arzikin duniya, kimiyyar tattalin arziki zai bukaci daukar wani mataki na gaba, wanda ya hada da karin bayani kan tsarin tattalin arziki, cikakken bincike kan harkokin kudi, da kuma kyakkyawar fahimtar yadda, ta hanyar rarraba aiki, tushen haɗin rayuwar tattalin arziki ya bayyana. Tattalin Arziki na tarayya ya jaddada ci gaban tsarin daidaito na masu kerawa, masu rarrabawa, da masu amfani. Tana fahimtar tattalin arziƙin duniya a matsayin yanki guda ɗaya, wanda ɗan adam ke biyan buƙatun juna. An kira shi "haɗin gwiwar tattalin arziki" saboda burinta yanki ne na tattalin arziki wanda ƙungiyoyi na kamfanonin kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyin masu sayayya ke gudanar da shi maimakon hannun hannu mara ganuwa na kasuwar makafi kuma maimakon gwamnati.
Associungiyar tarayya: Entungiyar mahaɗa kalma ce da ake amfani da ita cikin ka'idar dangantaka da mahaɗan mahaɗan. Bayanan bayanan dangantaka yana buƙatar aiwatar da alaƙar tushe don warware alaƙar mutane da yawa. Ana kiran tushen alaƙa da ke wakiltar wannan nau'in, ba da izini ba, teburin haɗin kai .
Associungiyar tarayya: Entungiyar mahaɗa kalma ce da ake amfani da ita cikin ka'idar dangantaka da mahaɗan mahaɗan. Bayanan bayanan dangantaka yana buƙatar aiwatar da alaƙar tushe don warware alaƙar mutane da yawa. Ana kiran tushen alaƙa da ke wakiltar wannan nau'in, ba da izini ba, teburin haɗin kai .
Ba algebra ba na tarayya: Aljebra mara haɗe shi aljebra ne akan wani fili inda ba a ɗauka cewa aikin narkarwar biniya ya kasance mai haɗa kai ba. Wannan shi ne, wani algebraic tsarin A wani maras associative aljabara kan wani filin K idan shi ne vector sarari a kan K da kuma sanye take da wani K -bilinear binary multiplication aiki A × A → A wanda zai iya ko ba zai zama associative. Misalan sun hada da Algebras na Karya, algebras na Jordan, octonions, da kuma sararin Euclidean mai girma uku mai dauke da kayan aikin giciye. Tun da ba a ɗauka cewa yin naman yana da alaƙa, ta amfani da maƙalai don nuna tsarin ninkin ya zama dole. Misali, kalmomin ( ab ) ( cd ), d da a ( b ) na iya bada amsoshi daban-daban.
Nazarin rukuni na tarayya: Nazarin rukunin ƙungiya (AGA) hanya ce ta ba da ra'ayi don bincika wakilcin tunanin mutane, yana mai da hankali kan ma'anoni da hotuna don tantance kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin al'adu da tsarin imani. Ana iya ɗaukar al'adu a matsayin "ƙungiya ce takamaimai ta ƙungiya ko ra'ayi na duniya wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwan mosaic na ma'anoni". Harshe, a matsayin kayan aikin sadarwa a rayuwar yau da kullun, ya ƙunshi ma'anan al'adu na musamman ga mutanen da suke amfani da shi. Kalmomin da mutane ke amfani da su ba wai kawai abubuwan da suke fahimta ba ne, amma kuma suna nuna ƙauna da kuma halayyar ɗabi'a. Don fahimtar bambance-bambance a cikin ma'anar hankali a tsakanin al'adu, yana da amfani a bincika kalmomi a cikin yare. Kalmomin mutane suna amfani da shi suna nuna tunaninsu ko yadda suke ji. Yin tunani, ko mafi ƙarancin tsari na fahimta, tare da ji, yana jagorantar mafi yawan halayen ɗan adam. Ta amfani da AGA, zamu iya fahimtar yadda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suke tsarawa da haɗa haɗin fahimtarsu da fahimtar abin da ke kewaye dasu.
Tsoma baki Tsangwama na tarayya mahangar fahimta ce da aka kafa akan mahimmancin ilmantarwa, wanda ke nuna cewa kwakwalwa tana haɗa abubuwa masu alaƙa. Lokacin da aka motsa abu daya, abokan aikinsa suma zasu iya aiki. Nazarin da aka fi sani da ke nuna amincin wannan ra'ayi shine gwajin Pavlov a cikin 1927 wanda daga baya aka haɓaka shi cikin tsarin koyo da aka sani da yanayin kwalliya.
Tushen Ion: Tushen ion kayan aiki ne wanda ke haifar da ion atomic da kwayoyin. Ana amfani da kafofin Ion don samar da ions don masu kallo na gani, masu hangen nesa na gani, masu hanzarin kwayar halitta, masu dasa ion da injunan ion.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Koyo: Ilmantarwa hanya ce ta samun sabon fahimta, ilimi, halaye, fasaha, dabi'u, halaye, da fifiko. Ikon koyo ya mallaki mutane, dabbobi, da wasu injuna; akwai kuma shaida ga wasu nau'ikan ilmantarwa a cikin wasu tsirrai. Wasu ilmantarwa suna nan da nan, abu guda ne ya haifar da su, amma ƙwarewa da ilimi da yawa suna tarawa daga abubuwan da aka maimaita. Canje-canjen da ilmantarwa ke haifar sau da yawa suna rayuwa, kuma yana da wahala a rarrabe abubuwan da aka koya wadanda kamar "sun bata" ne da wadanda baza a iya dawo dasu ba
Shirye-shiryen haɗin kai: A cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta, tsararru masu ma'amala , taswira , teburin alama , ko ƙamus kamannun bayanan bayanai ne waɗanda aka haɗu da tarin nau'i-nau'i, kamar kowane maɓalli mai yuwuwa ya bayyana a mafi sau ɗaya a cikin tarin. Ba za a rude shi tare da Masu Gudanar da Associungiyoyi ba
Filin sihiri mai haɗa kai: Filin sihiri mai haɗa kai fili ne na sihiri wanda kowane lambobi biyu suke daidaitawa zuwa tsakiyar har zuwa daidai darajar. Ga wani murabba'i, an cika shi da lambobi daga zuwa , wannan jimlar gama gari dole tayi daidai . Wadannan murabba'ai ana kiransu murabba'ai masu sihiri, murabba'in sihiri na yau da kullun , murabba'ai masu ban mamaki , ko murabba'ai masu sihiri masu kama da juna .
Shirye-shiryen haɗin kai: A cikin kimiyyar kwamfuta, tsararru masu ma'amala , taswira , teburin alama , ko ƙamus kamannun bayanan bayanai ne waɗanda aka haɗu da tarin nau'i-nau'i, kamar kowane maɓalli mai yuwuwa ya bayyana a mafi sau ɗaya a cikin tarin. Ba za a rude shi tare da Masu Gudanar da Associungiyoyi ba
Ma'anar tarayya: Dangane da nazarin ma'anoni na Geoffrey Leech, ma'anar haɗin ma'anar magana tana da nasaba da fahimtar mutum ta hankali. Su, bi da bi, za a iya rarraba su zuwa nau'ikan ƙananan ƙananan guda biyar: masu ma'ana, masu haɗa kai, zamantakewa, masu tasiri da nunawa . Ma'anar ma'anar magana shine tunanin da ke haifar da kalma lokacin da yake magana akan wasu mahaɗan. Kodayake waɗannan ma'anonin bazai iya kasancewa cikakke ta ma'anar ma'anar da suka dace ba, suna nuna gaba ɗaya ko amfani da fifiko ba tare da la'akari ba. Wannan ba za a rude shi da abin da tarihi ke kira da ma'ana ba, wanda ya fi bayyana ma'anar kalmomi m. Ma'anar tarbiyya, ko "tarawa", yana bayanin kalmomi wadanda a koda yaushe suke bayyana tare don amfani daya. Ma'anar zamantakewa, inda ake amfani da kalmomi don kulla dangantaka tsakanin mutane da kuma iyakance matsayin zamantakewar. Misali, a yaren Jafananci, karin kalmar "-san" idan aka ƙara ta da suna mai kyau yana nuna girmamawa, wani lokaci yana nuna cewa mai magana yana ƙarƙashin mai sauraro ne; yayin da karin kalmar "-chan" ke nuna cewa mai magana yana zaton mai sauraro yaro ne ko kuma mai ɗa. Ma'anar tasiri tana da alaƙa da motsin rai ko halayen mai magana. Ma'anar da aka juya tana da alaƙa da lokacin da ma'anar wata kalma guda ɗaya ta shafi fahimta da amfani da dukkan sauran ma'anonin kalmar. Ma'anar ma'anar ta shafi kanta game da yadda tsarin kalmomin da aka faɗa ke shafar ma'anar da ke tattare da ita.
Sauya ƙungiya: Sauya ƙungiya yana bayanin hanyar da mahaɗan ke haɗa junan su. Takaddun kalmomin galibi ana amfani dasu don daidaituwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma yayi kama da tsarin Sn2 a cikin ilimin sunadarai. Hanyar da ba ta dace ba ita ce sauyawa ta hanyar rarrabuwa, kasancewar ta yi daidai da hanyar Sn1. Matsakaiciyar hanyoyi suna wanzuwa tsakanin tsarkakakkun ƙungiyoyi da tsarkakakkun hanyoyin rarrabawa, waɗannan ana kiran su hanyoyin musanyawa.
Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya: Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya mai haɗawa na iya koma zuwa: Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya (psychology), ikon koyo da tuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwa marasa alaƙa Ma'ajin haɗin gwiwa, ko ƙwaƙwalwar da za a iya magance shi, wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wasu aikace-aikacen neman saurin gaske Memorywa memorywalwar ajiya ta atomatik, duk ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta wacce ke ba mutum damar dawo da piecean bayanai daga tinan ƙananan samfurin kanta Memorywaƙwalwar haɗin kai na haɗin kai, wani nau'in hanyar sadarwa na yau da kullun Sadarwar Hopfield, wani nau'i ne na cibiyar sadarwar wucin gadi ta wucin gadi Binciken juzu'i a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum ko na yanar gizo, bincike don wasa mai ban tsoro a duk faɗin filin
Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya: Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya mai haɗawa na iya koma zuwa: Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya (psychology), ikon koyo da tuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwa marasa alaƙa Ma'ajin haɗin gwiwa, ko ƙwaƙwalwar da za a iya magance shi, wani nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wasu aikace-aikacen neman saurin gaske Memorywa memorywalwar ajiya ta atomatik, duk ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta wacce ke ba mutum damar dawo da piecean bayanai daga tinan ƙananan samfurin kanta Memorywaƙwalwar haɗin kai na haɗin kai, wani nau'in hanyar sadarwa na yau da kullun Sadarwar Hopfield, wani nau'i ne na cibiyar sadarwar wucin gadi ta wucin gadi Binciken juzu'i a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum ko na yanar gizo, bincike don wasa mai ban tsoro a duk faɗin filin
Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya (psychology): A cikin ilimin halayyar dan Adam, an bayyana ƙwaƙwalwar haɗin gwiwa azaman ikon koyo da tuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin abubuwa marasa alaƙa. Wannan zai hada da, misali, tuna sunan wani ko kanshi na wani turare. Wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar yana ma'amala musamman da alaƙar da ke tsakanin waɗannan abubuwa ko ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Aikin haɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na yau da kullun ya haɗa da gwada mahalarta kan tuno da nau'ikan abubuwan da ba su da alaƙa, kamar su nau'in suna-fuska. Memorywaƙwalwar ajiya tarayya shine tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai bayyanawa da kuma tushen asali.
Memorywaƙwalwar ajiyar adireshi: Memorywaƙwalwar ajiyar abun ciki ( CAM ) nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta ce ta musamman da ake amfani da ita a cikin wasu aikace-aikacen bincike masu saurin gaske. Hakanan ana kiranta da associwa orwalwar ajiya ko ajiyar ma'amala kuma yana kwatanta bayanan binciken shigarwa akan teburin bayanan da aka adana, kuma yana dawo da adireshin bayanan da ya dace.
Misalin haɗin bayanai: Samfurin haɗin bayanai shine samfurin bayanai don tsarin tsarin bayanai. Sauran samfuran bayanai, kamar su tsarin alaƙarmu da samfurin bayanan abin, ana yin su ne bisa bayanai. Waɗannan samfuran sun haɗa da halayen haɗi game da abu, kamar mota, a cikin tsarin rikodin. Irin waɗannan halayen na iya zama rajista, launi, zane, samfuri, da dai sauransu. A cikin samfurin haɗin gwiwa, duk abin da ke da "wanzuwar zaman kansa mai zaman kansa" ana yin kamarsa da mahaɗan, kuma ana yin alaƙar da ke tsakanin su kamar ƙungiyoyi. Matsakaicin bayanan da aka wakilta bayanai daidai yake da makircin da Chen ya gabatar; Bracchi, Paolini da Pelagatti; da Senko.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Nau'in hanyoyin sadarwar wucin gadi: Akwai nau'ikan hanyoyin sadarwar jijiyoyin wucin gadi ( ANN ).
Operad: A ilimin lissafi, wani operad yana damuwa da algebras na samfuri waɗanda ke yin kwalliyar kwalliya irin su commutativity ko anticommutativity da kuma yawan haɗin gwiwa. Operads sun hada abubuwa da dama wadanda aka riga aka lura dasu a algebras da kuma kolgebras kamar Lie algebras ko Poisson algebras ta hanyar yin kwatancen bishiyoyin lissafi a cikin aljabarar. Algebras ne don gudanar da aiki kamar yadda wakilcin rukuni yake ga kungiyoyi. Ana iya ganin operad a matsayin saitin ayyuka, kowane ɗayan yana da ƙayyadadden adadin abubuwan shigarwa (muhawara) da fitarwa ɗaya, wanda za'a iya haɗa shi ɗaya tare da wasu. Suna samar da tsarin analog na algebra na duniya.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Sauya ƙungiya: Sauya ƙungiya yana bayanin hanyar da mahaɗan ke haɗa junan su. Takaddun kalmomin galibi ana amfani dasu don daidaituwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma yayi kama da tsarin Sn2 a cikin ilimin sunadarai. Hanyar da ba ta dace ba ita ce sauyawa ta hanyar rarrabuwa, kasancewar ta yi daidai da hanyar Sn1. Matsakaiciyar hanyoyi suna wanzuwa tsakanin tsarkakakkun ƙungiyoyi da tsarkakakkun hanyoyin rarrabawa, waɗannan ana kiran su hanyoyin musanyawa.
Firayim (ilimin halin dan Adam): Priming wani lamari ne wanda yake nunawa ga motsawa guda daya yana tasiri amsa ga mai kara kuzari, ba tare da shiriya ko niyya ba. Misali, kalmar NURSE an fi saurin ganewa da bin kalmar DOCTOR fiye da bin kalmar BREAD. Priming na iya zama tsinkaye, haduwa, maimaituwa, tabbatacce, mara kyau, mara kyau, tasiri, ma'ana, ko ra'ayi. Bincike, duk da haka, har yanzu bai tabbatar da tsawon lokacin tasirin farko ba, amma farkon su na iya zama kusan nan take.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Associationungiyar (ilimin halin dan Adam): Associationungiya a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam yana nufin haɗi na kwakwalwa tsakanin ra'ayoyi, abubuwan da suka faru, ko yanayin tunani wanda yawanci yakan samo asali ne daga takamaiman ƙwarewa. Ana ganin ƙungiyoyi a cikin makarantu da yawa na tunani a cikin ilimin halayyar mutum ciki har da ɗabi'a, haɗin kai, nazarin halayyar dan adam, ilimin halayyar dan adam, da tsarin tsari. Tunanin ya samo asali ne daga Plato da Aristotle, musamman dangane da abin da ya biyo baya, kuma masana falsafa irin su John Locke, David Hume, David Hartley, da James Mill suka aiwatar da shi. Ya sami matsayinsa a ilimin halin dan Adam na zamani a cikin fannoni kamar ƙwaƙwalwa, koyo, da nazarin hanyoyin hanyoyin jijiyoyi.
Sauya ƙungiya: Sauya ƙungiya yana bayanin hanyar da mahaɗan ke haɗa junan su. Takaddun kalmomin galibi ana amfani dasu don daidaituwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma yayi kama da tsarin Sn2 a cikin ilimin sunadarai. Hanyar da ba ta dace ba ita ce sauyawa ta hanyar rarrabuwa, kasancewar ta yi daidai da hanyar Sn1. Matsakaiciyar hanyoyi suna wanzuwa tsakanin tsarkakakkun ƙungiyoyi da tsarkakakkun hanyoyin rarrabawa, waɗannan ana kiran su hanyoyin musanyawa.
Nisan kallo: Nuni mai nisa ( RV ) ita ce al'adar neman ra'ayi game da wani abu mai nisa ko wanda ba a iya gani ba, wanda aka ce yana "ji" da hankali.
Zobe (lissafi): A cikin ilimin lissafi, zobba tsarin algebra ne wanda yake kera filayen: yawaitar abubuwa ba lallai bane ya zama na masu motsi bane kuma ba dole bane a samu sauyin juzu'i. Watau, zobe saiti ne wanda yake dauke da ayyukan binar guda biyu masu gamsarwa wanda yayi daidai da na kari da narkar da adadi. Abubuwan ringi na iya zama lambobi kamar lambobi masu rikitarwa ko lambobi masu rikitarwa, amma kuma suna iya zama abubuwa marasa adadi kamar polynomials, matric square, ayyuka, da jerin wuta.
Zobe (lissafi): A cikin ilimin lissafi, zobba tsarin algebra ne wanda yake kera filayen: yawaitar abubuwa ba lallai bane ya zama na masu motsi bane kuma ba dole bane a samu sauyin juzu'i. Watau, zobe saiti ne wanda yake dauke da ayyukan binar guda biyu masu gamsarwa wanda yayi daidai da na kari da narkar da adadi. Abubuwan ringi na iya zama lambobi kamar lambobi masu rikitarwa ko lambobi masu rikitarwa, amma kuma suna iya zama abubuwa marasa adadi kamar polynomials, matric square, ayyuka, da jerin wuta.
Ilmantarwa jerin haɗin kai: Karatuttukan ilmantarwa na haɗin kai ( ASL ) yayi bayanin yadda ƙananan igiyoyin madubi ke iya daidaita da ayyukan da aka gani da aikata su, da kuma yadda mutane ke iya yin kwaikwayon motsin jiki. Cecilia Heyes ne ya gabatar da wannan ka'idar a shekara ta 2000 .. Wani kwatankwacin tsari wanda Christian Keysers da David Perrett suka gabatar, dangane da abin da muka sani game da ƙananan ƙwayoyin halittar ƙirar madubi da filastik mai dogara da lokaci-lokaci shine asusun koyon Hebbian na ƙirar madubi. .
Memorywaƙwalwar ajiyar adireshi: Memorywaƙwalwar ajiyar abun ciki ( CAM ) nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta ce ta musamman da ake amfani da ita a cikin wasu aikace-aikacen bincike masu saurin gaske. Hakanan ana kiranta da associwa orwalwar ajiya ko ajiyar ma'amala kuma yana kwatanta bayanan binciken shigarwa akan teburin bayanan da aka adana, kuma yana dawo da adireshin bayanan da ya dace.
Sauya ƙungiya: Sauya ƙungiya yana bayanin hanyar da mahaɗan ke haɗa junan su. Takaddun kalmomin galibi ana amfani dasu don daidaituwa da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, amma yayi kama da tsarin Sn2 a cikin ilimin sunadarai. Hanyar da ba ta dace ba ita ce sauyawa ta hanyar rarrabuwa, kasancewar ta yi daidai da hanyar Sn1. Matsakaiciyar hanyoyi suna wanzuwa tsakanin tsarkakakkun ƙungiyoyi da tsarkakakkun hanyoyin rarrabawa, waɗannan ana kiran su hanyoyin musanyawa.
Superalgebra: A cikin ilimin lissafi da ilimin lissafi, superalgebra shine algebra mai daraja 2 Z. Wato, algebra ce akan zobe ko fanni na zirga-zirga tare da bazuwar zuwa "koda" da "m" gunduma kuma mai ba da lambobi masu yawa waɗanda ke girmama jadawalin.
Tunanin sihiri: Tunanin sihiri , ko camfi na camfi , shine imani cewa al'amuran da basu da alaƙa suna da alaƙa duk da cewa babu wata hanyar haɗi mai ma'ana da ke tsakanin su, musamman sakamakon tasirin allahntaka. Misalai sun haɗa da ra'ayin cewa tunanin mutum na iya shafar duniyar waje ba tare da aiki da su ba, ko kuma dole ne abubuwa su haɗu da juna idan sun yi kama da juna ko sun haɗu da juna a da. Tunanin sihiri nau'in tunani ne na rashin hankali kuma tushen tushe ne na dalilai marasa ma'ana. Ba kamar rikice-rikice na dangantaka tare da haddasawa ba, tunanin sihiri baya buƙatar abubuwan da suka faru su kasance daidai.
Imar ƙungiya: Imar ƙungiya ra'ayi ce a cikin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa da kuma musamman ilimin halayyar ɗan adam da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar sa. Associationimar haɗin ma'amala shine ma'aunin ma'anarta. Babban mai hangen nesa ne game da yadda yake da sauki a koyon sabon bayani game da abin da ya motsa shi, misali don koyon hada shi da motsawa na biyu, ko tuna shi ko gane shi a gwajin ƙwaƙwalwa.
Agnosia na gani na tarayya: Agnosia na gani na yau da kullun wani nau'i ne na azabar gani. Rashin nakasa ne cikin fitarwa ko sanya ma'ana ga mai motsawa wanda aka fahimta daidai kuma baya haɗuwa da rashi na gama gari na hankali, ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yare ko hankali. Rikicin ya zama baƙon abu ne a cikin "tsarkakakke" ko kuma rikitarwa kuma yawanci yana tare da wasu matsalolin neuropsychological masu rikitarwa saboda yanayin etiology. Mutanen da ke cikin damuwa na iya rarrabe abin daidai, kamar yadda aka nuna ta ikon zana hoton shi ko kuma rarraba shi daidai, duk da haka ba su iya gano abin, fasalin sa ko ayyukan sa.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɗin kai: Gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa hanya ce ta wayar hannu wacce aka kirkira don hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya mara kyau, wanda kuma aka sani da cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu (MANETs) da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar raga mara waya. ABR an kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1993, aka gabatar dashi don neman izinin Amurka a 1996, kuma aka bashi lasisin a shekarar 1999. Chai Keong Toh ne ya kirkiri ABR yayin da yake karatun digirin digirgir. a Jami'ar Cambridge.
Hanyar haɗin gwiwar haɗin kai: Gudanar da hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa hanya ce ta wayar hannu wacce aka kirkira don hanyoyin sadarwar mara waya mara kyau, wanda kuma aka sani da cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu (MANETs) da kuma hanyoyin sadarwar raga mara waya. ABR an kirkireshi ne a shekarar 1993, aka gabatar dashi don neman izinin Amurka a 1996, kuma aka bashi lasisin a shekarar 1999. Chai Keong Toh ne ya kirkiri ABR yayin da yake karatun digirin digirgir. a Jami'ar Cambridge.
Shari'ar tarayya: Shari'ar hadewa ita ce lafazin nahawu wanda ke nuna alaƙa wanda yake, kodayake yana da alaƙa, ba kama da comitativity ba, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar amfani da shari'ar kwatankwacin.
Gwajin haske na haske: A cikin ilimin lissafi, gwajin hadewar Light hanya ce da FW Light ya kirkira don gwada ko wani aiki na binary da aka bayyana a cikin takamaiman saiti da teburin ninkawa na Cayley yana da hade. Hanyar butulci don tabbatar da alaƙar aikin binaryar da teburin Cayley ya kayyade, wanda yake kwatankwacin samfuran guda biyu waɗanda za'a iya ƙirƙirarsu daga kowane ɓangaren abubuwa uku, yana da wahala. Gwajin gwajin haske na Haskaka aikin a wasu lokuta.
Kadarorin tarayya: A cikin ilimin lissafi, kayan haɗin gwiwa dukiya ce ta wasu ayyukan binaryar, wanda ke nufin cewa sake tsara biyun a cikin magana ba zai canza sakamakon ba. A cikin tsarin tunani, haɗin kai ƙa'idar aiki ce ta maye gurbin maganganu a cikin hujjoji na hankali.
Mataimakin: A cikin haruffan algebra, ana amfani da kalmar aboki ta hanyoyi daban-daban azaman ma'aunin rashin daidaituwar tsarin algebraic. Yawancin lokaci ana nazarin masu haɗin gwiwa azaman tsarin sau uku.
Abokai: Masu haɗin gwiwa mambobi ne na ƙungiyoyin soja masu ba da gudummawa na ƙarni na 17 da 18 a cikin theasashen Burtaniya na Amurka goma sha uku da Masarautar Burtaniya ta Kanada. Waɗannan an fi sani da suna Maryland Furotesta, Pennsylvania, da Baƙon Amurka da militiasan mulkin mallaka masu Biyayya ta Biritaniya. Amma ba kamar 'yan tawaye ba, an keɓance masu ba da agaji na soja daga aikin soja na yau da kullun. Sauran sunayen da aka yi amfani da su don bayyana abokan tarayya sune " ationsungiyoyi ", " atedungiyoyi ", " 'Yan Gudun Hijira ", " untean Agaji ", da " Yan Bangare ".
Fungiyar karya: Associationarya ta ƙungiya ƙarya ce ta yau da kullun game da saurin-gamawa ko nau'in jan abu da kuma abin da ke tabbatarwa, ta hanyar ƙungiyar da ba ta da mahimmanci kuma galibi ta hanyar kira ga motsin rai, cewa halaye na abu ɗaya halaye ne na wani. Nauyi biyu na rikice-rikice na tarayya wasu lokuta ana kiran su da laifi ta hanyar haɗuwa da girmamawa ta hanyar tarayya .