Summary execution, Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir, Human rights abuses in Jammu and Kashmir

Takaitawa: Takaitawa kisa wani kisa ne wanda a ke tuhumar mutum da aikata laifi kuma nan da nan aka kashe shi ba tare da fa'idar cikakken shari'ar adalci ba. Kashe-kashen a sakamakon taƙaitaccen adalci a wasu lokuta ana haɗa su, amma kalmar gabaɗaya tana nufin kamawa, zargi, da zartarwa duk ana aiwatar da su a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma ba tare da wani gwaji ba. A karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, kin karbar halaccin mika wuya a yakin kuma maimakon kashe wanda ya mika wuya shima an kasafta shi a matsayin taqaitaccen hukunci.
Take hakkin bil adama a Jammu da Kashmir: Cin zarafin bil adama a yankin Jammu da Kashmir yanki ne mai ci gaba a sassan arewacin Indiya. Cin zarafin sun hada da kashe-kashen mutane, bacewar mutane, azabtarwa, fyade da cin zarafin mata da danniyar siyasa da danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. An zargi Sojojin Indiya, 'Yan Sandan Tsaro na Tsakiya (CRPF), Jami'an Tsaron Border (BSF) da kungiyoyin mayaka daban-daban na' yan aware da aikata mummunan take hakkin dan adam a kan fararen hula na Kashmiri.
Take hakkin bil adama a Jammu da Kashmir: Cin zarafin bil adama a yankin Jammu da Kashmir yanki ne mai ci gaba a sassan arewacin Indiya. Cin zarafin sun hada da kashe-kashen mutane, bacewar mutane, azabtarwa, fyade da cin zarafin mata da danniyar siyasa da danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. An zargi Sojojin Indiya, 'Yan Sandan Tsaro na Tsakiya (CRPF), Jami'an Tsaron Border (BSF) da kungiyoyin mayaka daban-daban na' yan aware da aikata mummunan take hakkin dan adam a kan fararen hula na Kashmiri.
Mai samar da janareta mai rikitarwa: Mai samarda janareta mai rikitarwa ( AWG ) wani yanki ne na kayan gwajin lantarki da ake amfani dashi don samar da tsarin wutar lantarki. Waɗannan matakan suna iya zama mai maimaitawa ko harbi guda wanda a wani yanayi ana buƙatar samun wani tushen tushe. Ana iya yin allurar hanyoyin da aka samu cikin na'urar a karkashin gwaji kuma a yi nazari yayin da suke ci gaba ta hanyar, tabbatar da ingancin aikin na'urar ko nuna kuskure a ciki.
Kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba: Kamawa ba bisa doka ba da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba su ne kamewa ko tsare mutum a cikin shari'ar da babu wata alama ko hujja da ta nuna cewa sun aikata laifi a kan ka'idar doka, ko kuma a inda ba a bi ka'idojin doka da oda ba.
Shafi son sani: Arididdigar tunani ba hujja ba ce ta gargajiya mai amfani da hankali wanda Aaron T. Beck ya ƙirƙira a 1979. Yana bayyana aikin yin son zuciya a matsayin tsarin zartar da hukunci ba tare da isassun shaidu ba, ko kuma ba tare da wata hujja ba kwata-kwata. A cikin yanayin ɓacin rai, Beck ya gano cewa mutane na iya zama masu saurin fuskantar gurɓataccen tunani, kuma suna yin maganganun rashin yarda sau da yawa. Wadannan maganganun na iya zama na gaba daya da / ko dangane da tasirin maganinsu ko magani. Ididdiga ba tare da izini ba tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙididdigar ƙididdigar ƙira ta musamman da Beck ya gano wanda ana iya gabatar da shi ga mutane tare da damuwa, damuwa, da raunin hankali.
Suna-darajar biyu: Ma'aurata masu darajar-darajar , wanda kuma ake kira haɗin halayen-ƙididdiga, ma'aurata masu ƙimar mahimmanci , ko ma'aunin ƙimar fili , sune ainihin wakilcin bayanai a cikin tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta da aikace-aikace. Masu zane-zane sau da yawa suna son tsarin ƙirar buɗe-ƙira wanda zai ba da damar haɓaka nan gaba ba tare da canza lambar data kasance ba ko bayanan ba. A cikin irin waɗannan yanayi, ana iya bayyana duka ko ɓangaren samfurin bayanai azaman tarin 2-tuples a cikin sifar < sifa suna , ƙima > tare da kowane ɓangaren kasancewa sifa ce-ƙima biyu. Dogaro da takamaiman aikace-aikacen da aiwatarwar da masu shirye-shirye suka zaɓa, sunaye masu sifa na iya zama ko na musamman.
Suna-darajar biyu: Ma'aurata masu darajar-darajar , wanda kuma ake kira haɗin halayen-ƙididdiga, ma'aurata masu ƙimar mahimmanci , ko ma'aunin ƙimar fili , sune ainihin wakilcin bayanai a cikin tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta da aikace-aikace. Masu zane-zane sau da yawa suna son tsarin ƙirar buɗe-ƙira wanda zai ba da damar haɓaka nan gaba ba tare da canza lambar data kasance ba ko bayanan ba. A cikin irin waɗannan yanayi, ana iya bayyana duka ko ɓangaren samfurin bayanai azaman tarin 2-tuples a cikin sifar < sifa suna , ƙima > tare da kowane ɓangaren kasancewa sifa ce-ƙima biyu. Dogaro da takamaiman aikace-aikacen da aiwatarwar da masu shirye-shirye suka zaɓa, sunaye masu sifa na iya zama ko na musamman.
Suna-darajar biyu: Ma'aurata masu darajar-darajar , wanda kuma ake kira haɗin halayen-ƙididdiga, ma'aurata masu ƙimar mahimmanci , ko ma'aunin ƙimar fili , sune ainihin wakilcin bayanai a cikin tsarin sarrafa kwamfuta da aikace-aikace. Masu zane-zane sau da yawa suna son tsarin ƙirar buɗe-ƙira wanda zai ba da damar haɓaka nan gaba ba tare da canza lambar data kasance ba ko bayanan ba. A cikin irin waɗannan yanayi, ana iya bayyana duka ko ɓangaren samfurin bayanai azaman tarin 2-tuples a cikin sifar < sifa suna , ƙima > tare da kowane ɓangaren kasancewa sifa ce-ƙima biyu. Dogaro da takamaiman aikace-aikacen da aiwatarwar da masu shirye-shirye suka zaɓa, sunaye masu sifa na iya zama ko na musamman.
Tsarkakewa: Sabani shine ingancin zama "ƙaddara ta hanyar tsautsayi, fatawa, ko motsawa, kuma ba ta larura, hankali, ko ƙa'ida ba". Hakanan ana amfani dashi don komawa zuwa zaɓin da aka yi ba tare da takamaiman ma'auni ko ƙuntatawa ba.
Alamar kasuwanci ta musamman: Bambancin alamar kasuwanci yana da mahimman ra'ayi a cikin dokar da ke kula da alamun kasuwanci da alamun sabis. Alamar kasuwanci na iya cancanta don rajista, ko kuma za a iya rajista , idan ta yi aikin alamar kasuwanci mai mahimmanci, kuma tana da halaye na musamman . Za a iya fahimtar rajista a matsayin ci gaba, tare da alamun "rarrabe rarrabe" a ɗaya ƙarshen, alamun "jaka" da "siffantuwa" ba tare da wata halayyar daban a ɗayan ƙarshen, kuma alamomin "masu ba da shawara" da "rashin yarda" suna kwance tsakanin waɗannan maki biyu. Alamomin "Tsari" dole ne su sami rarrabe ta hanyar ma'ana ta biyu-masu amfani sun fahimci alamar a matsayin alamar mai tushe - don zama abin kiyayewa. Ana amfani da sharuɗɗan "Generic" don komawa zuwa samfur ko sabis ɗin da kansa kuma ba za a iya amfani da shi azaman alamun kasuwanci ba.
Daidaitaccen bita: A cikin doka, mizanin bita shi ne yawan izgili da wata kotu ta bayar yayin nazarin hukuncin wata karamar kotu ko kotun ta. Standardaramin mizani na dubawa yana nufin cewa hukuncin da ake dubawa zai iya banbanta ko sokewa idan kotun yin nazari tayi la'akari da cewa akwai kuskure ko kaɗan a cikin ƙaramar kotun. Babban misali na bita yana nufin cewa an sanya girmamawa ga shawarar da ake dubawa, saboda kada a dame ta saboda kawai kotun da za ta duba ta iya yanke hukuncin lamarin daban; Za a banbanta ne kawai idan babbar kotun ta yi la'akari da hukuncin da za a samu kuskure bayyananne. Za'a iya saita mizanin bita da ƙa'ida ko na misali. A Amurka, "daidaitaccen bita" shima yana da wata ma'ana ta daban dangane da irin matsayin da bangaren shari'a ke baiwa Majalisa yayin yanke hukunci kan tsarin doka.
Mulkin mallaka: Autocracy ne a tsarin da gwamnatin a cikin abin da m iko a kan wata jiha da aka mayar da hankali a hannun mutum daya, wanda yanke shawara ne batun ba external doka restraints kuma regularized sunadaran da m iko.
Tsarin lissafi-daidaitaccen lissafi: A kimiyyar kwamfuta, lissafin lissafi-na daidaitaccen lissafi , wanda kuma ake kira bignum lissafi , lissafi da yawa , ko kuma wani lokacin lissafin lissafi mara iyaka , yana nuna cewa ana yin lissafin ne a kan lambobin da lambobinsu na daidaito suka iyakance ne kawai ta hanyar memorin da ke akwai na tsarin rundunar. Wannan ya bambanta da daidaitaccen lissafin lissafin da aka samo a cikin mafi yawan kayan aikin lissafi (ALU), wanda yawanci yake bayarwa tsakanin rago 8 da 64 na daidaito.
Tsarin lissafi-daidaitaccen lissafi: A kimiyyar kwamfuta, lissafin lissafi-na daidaitaccen lissafi , wanda kuma ake kira bignum lissafi , lissafi da yawa , ko kuma wani lokacin lissafin lissafi mara iyaka , yana nuna cewa ana yin lissafin ne a kan lambobin da lambobinsu na daidaito suka iyakance ne kawai ta hanyar memorin da ke akwai na tsarin rundunar. Wannan ya bambanta da daidaitaccen lissafin lissafin da aka samo a cikin mafi yawan kayan aikin lissafi (ALU), wanda yawanci yake bayarwa tsakanin rago 8 da 64 na daidaito.
Kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba: Kamawa ba bisa doka ba da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba su ne kamewa ko tsare mutum a cikin shari'ar da babu wata alama ko hujja da ta nuna cewa sun aikata laifi a kan ka'idar doka, ko kuma a inda ba a bi ka'idojin doka da oda ba.
Tsarkakewa: Sabani shine ingancin zama "ƙaddara ta hanyar tsautsayi, fatawa, ko motsawa, kuma ba ta larura, hankali, ko ƙa'ida ba". Hakanan ana amfani dashi don komawa zuwa zaɓin da aka yi ba tare da takamaiman ma'auni ko ƙuntatawa ba.
Umarni yanki mara izini: Umurnin yanki mara dalili ( ASO ) shine algorithm don rigakafin asara. Ana amfani dashi don sake tsara odar wakilcin yankuna masu mahimmanci (macroblocks) a hotuna. Wannan nau'ikan algorithm yana kaucewa buƙatar jiran cikakken saitin al'amuran don samun dukkanin tushe. Yawanci ana ɗauka azaman kuskuren kuskure / hasara mai ƙarfi.
Unum (tsarin lamba): Unums dangi ne na tsari da lissafi, kwatankwacin batun shawagi, wanda John L. Gustafson ya gabatar. An tsara su azaman madadin daidaitaccen yanayin IEEE 754 mai yawo kuma ana iya amfani da sabon sigar azaman maye gurbin-sauye-sauye na shirye-shiryen waɗanda basu dogara da takamaiman abubuwan IEEE 754 ba.
Naúrar sabani: A cikin ilimin kimiya da kere-kere, sashin da ba a yarda da shi ba ko sashin da aka bayyana ( pdu ) yanki ne na ma'auni don auna rabon adadin abu, karfi, ko wasu adadi, zuwa wani ma'auni da aka kayyade. Yawanci ana bayyana ma'aunin tunani ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwaje na gida ko dogaro da kayan ma'aunin mutum. Don haka ba zai yuwu a iya kwatanta "1 arb. Unit" da ma'auni daya da "1000 arb. Unit" ta wani ma'aunin ba tare da cikakken masaniya kan yadda aka ayyana "bangarorin masu sabani" ba; don haka, ana kiran ƙungiyar a wani lokaci ɓangaren da ba a sani ba . Naúrar tana aiki ne kawai don gwada ma'aunai da yawa waɗanda aka yi a cikin irin wannan yanayin, tunda rabon tsakanin ma'auni da bayanin yana daidaitacce ne kuma ba shi da girma gwargwadon iko ga abin da ake amfani da ainihin raka'a. maida hankali kan abu, da kuma hangen nesa don bayyana tsananin ƙarfi.
Naúrar sabani: A cikin ilimin kimiya da kere-kere, sashin da ba a yarda da shi ba ko sashin da aka bayyana ( pdu ) yanki ne na ma'auni don auna rabon adadin abu, karfi, ko wasu adadi, zuwa wani ma'auni da aka kayyade. Yawanci ana bayyana ma'aunin tunani ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwaje na gida ko dogaro da kayan ma'aunin mutum. Don haka ba zai yuwu a iya kwatanta "1 arb. Unit" da ma'auni daya da "1000 arb. Unit" ta wani ma'aunin ba tare da cikakken masaniya kan yadda aka ayyana "bangarorin masu sabani" ba; don haka, ana kiran ƙungiyar a wani lokaci ɓangaren da ba a sani ba . Naúrar tana aiki ne kawai don gwada ma'aunai da yawa waɗanda aka yi a cikin irin wannan yanayin, tunda rabon tsakanin ma'auni da bayanin yana daidaitacce ne kuma ba shi da girma gwargwadon iko ga abin da ake amfani da ainihin raka'a. maida hankali kan abu, da kuma hangen nesa don bayyana tsananin ƙarfi.
Mai samar da janareta mai rikitarwa: Mai samarda janareta mai rikitarwa ( AWG ) wani yanki ne na kayan gwajin lantarki da ake amfani dashi don samar da tsarin wutar lantarki. Waɗannan matakan suna iya zama mai maimaitawa ko harbi guda wanda a wani yanayi ana buƙatar samun wani tushen tushe. Ana iya yin allurar hanyoyin da aka samu cikin na'urar a karkashin gwaji kuma a yi nazari yayin da suke ci gaba ta hanyar, tabbatar da ingancin aikin na'urar ko nuna kuskure a ciki.
Tsarin Kalma: A cikin ilimin ilimin harshe, rubutun kalmomin rubutu shine nazarin tsarin abubuwan da ke tattare da harshe, da kuma yadda harsuna daban-daban suke amfani da umarni daban-daban. Har ila yau, gyare-gyare tsakanin umarni da aka samo a cikin ƙananan yankuna daban-daban yana da ban sha'awa. Umurnin kalmomin farko waɗanda suke da ban sha'awa sune tsarin tsarin magana, watau tsarin dangi na batun, abu, da fi'ili; oda na masu gyara a cikin suna na magana; odar talla.
Yanke shawara Yanke shawara , wani nau'i ne na sasanta rikice-rikice (ADR), hanya ce ta warware rikice-rikice a wajen kotunan shari'a. Mutum ko mutane da yawa za su yanke shawara game da rikicin, wanda ke ba da 'kyautar sulhu'. Shawarwarin sasantawa ko bayar da kyauta ya kasance doka ce ta kowane bangare kuma za a iya aiwatar da shi a kotuna, sai dai idan duk ɓangarorin sun ƙayyade cewa tsarin sasantawar da yanke hukuncin ba masu ɗauka ba ne.
Rarraba madauki: Keɓaɓɓen madauki , wanda aka fi sani da FC-AL , topology ne na hanyar Fiber Channel inda ake haɗa na'urori ta hanyar madaidaiciyar hanya madaidaiciya a cikin yanayin zobe. A tarihi ya kasance mafi tsada-tsada madadin masana'antar tofology. Ya ba da izinin haɗi na sabobin da yawa da na'urorin adana kwamfuta ba tare da amfani da sauya Fiber Channel mai tsada sosai ba. Kudin sauyawa ya ragu sosai, don haka a shekara ta 2007, FC-AL ya zama ba safai a cikin sadarwar uwar garken-zuwa-ajiya. Duk da haka har yanzu ya zama gama gari a cikin tsarin ajiya. Yana da tsarin gine-gine wanda za'a iya amfani dashi azaman hanyar jigilar kaya a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta SCSI, tare da har zuwa na'urori 127. Madauki na iya haɗuwa a cikin masana'antar tashar fiber ta ɗaya tashar jirgin ruwanta. An rarraba bandwidth a kan madauki tsakanin duk tashar jiragen ruwa. Tashoshi biyu ne kawai ke iya sadarwa a lokaci guda a kan madauki. Aya tashar jiragen ruwa ta sami nasara a sasantawa kuma na iya buɗe ɗaya tashar jiragen ruwa a cikin rabin ko cikakken yanayin duplex. Madauki tare da tashar jiragen ruwa guda biyu yana da inganci kuma yana da yanayin yanayin jiki daidai da aya-zuwa-aya, amma har yanzu yana aiki azaman madaidaiciyar yarjejeniya. Tashoshin Channel na Fiber masu iya sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa sune NL_port da FL_port, gabaɗaya ana kiran su L_ports. Tashoshin jiragen ruwan na iya haɗuwa da juna ta hanyar tashar, tare da igiyoyin da ke gudana daga cibiyar zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Masu haɗin jiki a kan hub ɗin ba tashar jiragen ruwa ba ne dangane da yarjejeniya. Hub ba ya ƙunshi tashar jiragen ruwa. Madauki mai sulhu ba tare da tashar tashar masana'anta ba madauki ne mai zaman kansa . Madauki mai sassauƙa wanda aka haɗa da masana'anta shine madauki na jama'a . Dole ne NL_Port ta samar da tambarin masana'anta (FLOGI) da wuraren rajistar suna don fara sadarwa tare da wasu kumburi ta masana'anta.
Yanke shawara Yanke shawara , wani nau'i ne na sasanta rikice-rikice (ADR), hanya ce ta warware rikice-rikice a wajen kotunan shari'a. Mutum ko mutane da yawa za su yanke shawara game da rikicin, wanda ke ba da 'kyautar sulhu'. Shawarwarin sasantawa ko bayar da kyauta ya kasance doka ce ta kowane bangare kuma za a iya aiwatar da shi a kotuna, sai dai idan duk ɓangarorin sun ƙayyade cewa tsarin sasantawar da yanke hukuncin ba masu ɗauka ba ne.
Dokar yanke hukunci 1996: Dokar sasantawa 1996 doka ce ta Majalisar wacce ke tsara ayyukan sasantawa tsakanin ikon Ingila da Wales da Northern Ireland.
Dokar yanke hukunci 1697: Dokar sasantawa 1697 ta kasance Dokar Majalisar Ingila ta 1697.
Dokar yanke hukunci 1950: Dokar sasantawa a 1950 doka ce ta Majalisar Burtaniya wacce ta inganta kuma ta gyara dokar sasantawa a Ingila da Wales.
Dokar yanke hukunci 1979: Dokar sasantawa 1979 (c.42) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya wacce ta sake fasalin dokar sasantawa a Ingila da Wales. Kafin shekara ta 1979, dokar sasantawa ta dogara ne da dokar sasantawa ta shekarar 1950, wacce ta ba da damar amfani da tsarin "Case Stated" da kuma wasu hanyoyin tsoma baki na shari'a, wanda ya nuna dokar sasanta Ingilishi da matukar bambanci da ta sauran hukunce-hukuncen. Dokar da ta gabata ta kara yawan kudin da lokacin da ake bukata don sasantawa, wanda ya sanya Ingila wani yanki da ba za a yarda da shi ba don gudanar da irin wannan tattaunawar a ciki. Sakamakon haka, yayin da Landan ta ci gaba da matsayinta na gargajiya a matsayinta na cibiyar sasantawa a inshora, yarima da kuma cinikin kayayyaki, ya gaza don jawo hankalin nau'ikan kasuwancin zamani. Bayan matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin masana'antu, Shugaban Kansila ya gabatar da Dokar sasantawa a Majalisar, bayan an zartar da shi sa'o'i kafin rusa gwamnatin James Callaghan. An ba ta Yarjejeniyar Sarauta a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1979, kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1979.
Dokar yanke hukunci 1996: Dokar sasantawa 1996 doka ce ta Majalisar wacce ke tsara ayyukan sasantawa tsakanin ikon Ingila da Wales da Northern Ireland.
Dokar yanke hukunci a 1996 (New Zealand): Dokar sasantawa ta New Zealand 1996 ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin 1997, kuma ta maye gurbin Dokar sasantawa ta 1908 . An sake buga shi a cikin 2018.
Dokar yanke hukunci 2005: Dokar sasantawa a 2005 wata doka ce ta Malesiya wacce aka sanya don sake fasalin dokar da ta shafi sasantawa a cikin gida, ta tanadi sasantawa tsakanin kasashen duniya, amincewa da aiwatar da lambobin yabo, da kuma batutuwan da suka shafi hakan.
Amapá: Amapá ƙasa ce da ke yankin arewacin Brazil. Ita ce ƙasa ta biyu mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a kuma ta goma sha takwas mafi girman yanki. Kasashen da ke yankin arewa mai nisa na kasar, suna iyaka ne da agogon Faransa Guiana zuwa arewa, Tekun Atlantika zuwa gabas, Pará zuwa kudu da yamma, da kuma Suriname zuwa arewa maso yamma. Babban birni kuma birni mafi girma shine Macapá. Jihar tana da 0.4% na yawan mutanen Brazil kuma tana da alhakin kashi 0.22% na GDP ɗin Brazil.
Kwamitin sasantawa na taron zaman lafiya kan Yugoslavia: Kwamitin sasantawa na taron kan Yugoslavia ya kasance kwamitin sasantawa wanda Majalisar Ministocin Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai (EEC) ta kafa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1991 don samar da Taron kan Yugoslavia shawara ta shari'a. An nada Robert Badinter a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin mambobi biyar wadanda suka kunshi shugabannin kotunan tsarin mulki a cikin EEC. Kwamitin sasantawa ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi goma sha biyar a kan "manyan tambayoyin shari'a" da rikicin da ya barke tsakanin jamhuriyoyi da dama na Tarayyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia (SFRY).
Kwamitin sasantawa na taron zaman lafiya kan Yugoslavia: Kwamitin sasantawa na taron kan Yugoslavia ya kasance kwamitin sasantawa wanda Majalisar Ministocin Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai (EEC) ta kafa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1991 don samar da Taron kan Yugoslavia shawara ta shari'a. An nada Robert Badinter a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin mambobi biyar wadanda suka kunshi shugabannin kotunan tsarin mulki a cikin EEC. Kwamitin sasantawa ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi goma sha biyar a kan "manyan tambayoyin shari'a" da rikicin da ya barke tsakanin jamhuriyoyi da dama na Tarayyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia (SFRY).
Kwamitin sasantawa na taron zaman lafiya kan Yugoslavia: Kwamitin sasantawa na taron kan Yugoslavia ya kasance kwamitin sasantawa wanda Majalisar Ministocin Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Turai (EEC) ta kafa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1991 don samar da Taron kan Yugoslavia shawara ta shari'a. An nada Robert Badinter a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin mambobi biyar wadanda suka kunshi shugabannin kotunan tsarin mulki a cikin EEC. Kwamitin sasantawa ya gabatar da ra'ayoyi goma sha biyar a kan "manyan tambayoyin shari'a" da rikicin da ya barke tsakanin jamhuriyoyi da dama na Tarayyar Tarayyar Yugoslavia (SFRY).
Kwamitin sasantawa: A kan ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Kwamitin sasantawa ( ArbCom ) ɗauri ne, kwamitin sasanta rikice-rikice na editoci. Aikin farko da aka fara amfani da kwamitin sasantawa, kuma aka fi yada shi, shine Wikipedia na Turanci. Kowane ɗayan ayyukan Wikimedia yana da ikon sarrafa kansa da cin gashin kansa, kuma sun kafa nasu ArbComs, waɗanda editocin aikin suka kafa kuma galibi al'ummominsu ke zaɓen su kowace shekara. ArbComs suna magance rashin da'a ta masu gudanarwa da editoci tare da samun dama ga kayan aikin ci gaba, da kuma kewayon "ainihin-duniya" batutuwan da suka shafi halaye masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Wikimedia. Hukunce-hukunce, manufofi da hanyoyin aiki sun banbanta tsakanin ayyukan dangane da yanayin gida da al'adu. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Amfani na Wikimedia, ba a tilasta masu amfani da su don warware matsalar ta hanyar ArbCom.
Kwamitin sasantawa: A kan ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Kwamitin sasantawa ( ArbCom ) ɗauri ne, kwamitin sasanta rikice-rikice na editoci. Aikin farko da aka fara amfani da kwamitin sasantawa, kuma aka fi yada shi, shine Wikipedia na Turanci. Kowane ɗayan ayyukan Wikimedia yana da ikon sarrafa kansa da cin gashin kansa, kuma sun kafa nasu ArbComs, waɗanda editocin aikin suka kafa kuma galibi al'ummominsu ke zaɓen su kowace shekara. ArbComs suna magance rashin da'a ta masu gudanarwa da editoci tare da samun dama ga kayan aikin ci gaba, da kuma kewayon "ainihin-duniya" batutuwan da suka shafi halaye masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Wikimedia. Hukunce-hukunce, manufofi da hanyoyin aiki sun banbanta tsakanin ayyukan dangane da yanayin gida da al'adu. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Amfani na Wikimedia, ba a tilasta masu amfani da su don warware matsalar ta hanyar ArbCom.
Kwamitin sasantawa: A kan ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Kwamitin sasantawa ( ArbCom ) ɗauri ne, kwamitin sasanta rikice-rikice na editoci. Aikin farko da aka fara amfani da kwamitin sasantawa, kuma aka fi yada shi, shine Wikipedia na Turanci. Kowane ɗayan ayyukan Wikimedia yana da ikon sarrafa kansa da cin gashin kansa, kuma sun kafa nasu ArbComs, waɗanda editocin aikin suka kafa kuma galibi al'ummominsu ke zaɓen su kowace shekara. ArbComs suna magance rashin da'a ta masu gudanarwa da editoci tare da samun dama ga kayan aikin ci gaba, da kuma kewayon "ainihin-duniya" batutuwan da suka shafi halaye masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Wikimedia. Hukunce-hukunce, manufofi da hanyoyin aiki sun banbanta tsakanin ayyukan dangane da yanayin gida da al'adu. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Amfani na Wikimedia, ba a tilasta masu amfani da su don warware matsalar ta hanyar ArbCom.
Kwamitin sasantawa: A kan ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Kwamitin sasantawa ( ArbCom ) ɗauri ne, kwamitin sasanta rikice-rikice na editoci. Aikin farko da aka fara amfani da kwamitin sasantawa, kuma aka fi yada shi, shine Wikipedia na Turanci. Kowane ɗayan ayyukan Wikimedia yana da ikon sarrafa kansa da cin gashin kansa, kuma sun kafa nasu ArbComs, waɗanda editocin aikin suka kafa kuma galibi al'ummominsu ke zaɓen su kowace shekara. ArbComs suna magance rashin da'a ta masu gudanarwa da editoci tare da samun dama ga kayan aikin ci gaba, da kuma kewayon "ainihin-duniya" batutuwan da suka shafi halaye masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Wikimedia. Hukunce-hukunce, manufofi da hanyoyin aiki sun banbanta tsakanin ayyukan dangane da yanayin gida da al'adu. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Amfani na Wikimedia, ba a tilasta masu amfani da su don warware matsalar ta hanyar ArbCom.
Kwamitin sasantawa: A kan ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Kwamitin sasantawa ( ArbCom ) ɗauri ne, kwamitin sasanta rikice-rikice na editoci. Aikin farko da aka fara amfani da kwamitin sasantawa, kuma aka fi yada shi, shine Wikipedia na Turanci. Kowane ɗayan ayyukan Wikimedia yana da ikon sarrafa kansa da cin gashin kansa, kuma sun kafa nasu ArbComs, waɗanda editocin aikin suka kafa kuma galibi al'ummominsu ke zaɓen su kowace shekara. ArbComs suna magance rashin da'a ta masu gudanarwa da editoci tare da samun dama ga kayan aikin ci gaba, da kuma kewayon "ainihin-duniya" batutuwan da suka shafi halaye masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Wikimedia. Hukunce-hukunce, manufofi da hanyoyin aiki sun banbanta tsakanin ayyukan dangane da yanayin gida da al'adu. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Amfani na Wikimedia, ba a tilasta masu amfani da su don warware matsalar ta hanyar ArbCom.
Kwamitin sasantawa: A kan ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Kwamitin sasantawa ( ArbCom ) ɗauri ne, kwamitin sasanta rikice-rikice na editoci. Aikin farko da aka fara amfani da kwamitin sasantawa, kuma aka fi yada shi, shine Wikipedia na Turanci. Kowane ɗayan ayyukan Wikimedia yana da ikon sarrafa kansa da cin gashin kansa, kuma sun kafa nasu ArbComs, waɗanda editocin aikin suka kafa kuma galibi al'ummominsu ke zaɓen su kowace shekara. ArbComs suna magance rashin da'a ta masu gudanarwa da editoci tare da samun dama ga kayan aikin ci gaba, da kuma kewayon "ainihin-duniya" batutuwan da suka shafi halaye masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Wikimedia. Hukunce-hukunce, manufofi da hanyoyin aiki sun banbanta tsakanin ayyukan dangane da yanayin gida da al'adu. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Amfani na Wikimedia, ba a tilasta masu amfani da su don warware matsalar ta hanyar ArbCom.
Kotun sasantawa a Saint Petersburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry: Kotun sasantawa kotu ce mai zaman kanta ta dindindin a ƙarƙashin Chamberungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta St. Petersburg, Rasha.
Kotun sasantawa a Saint Petersburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry: Kotun sasantawa kotu ce mai zaman kanta ta dindindin a ƙarƙashin Chamberungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta St. Petersburg, Rasha.
Kotun sasantawa a Saint Petersburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry: Kotun sasantawa kotu ce mai zaman kanta ta dindindin a ƙarƙashin Chamberungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta St. Petersburg, Rasha.
Sasancin masu amfani: Rikici tsakanin masu sayayya da kasuwancin da aka yanke hukunci ana warware su ta hanyar mai raba gardama mai zaman kansa maimakon a kotu. Kodayake bangarorin za su iya yarda su sasanta wani takaddama bayan ta taso ko kuma za su iya yarda cewa kyautar ba ta bin doka ba, yawancin sassaucin mabukaci na faruwa ne bisa ga sashin sasanta rigimar da ta gabata inda kyautar mai sasantawar ta kasance.
Dokar Tabbatar da Adalci ta 2011: Dokar Tabbatar da Adalci ta 2011 ita ce doka da aka gabatar a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka don kawar da tasirin 14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett da AT & T Mobility v. Concepcion . Dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen da aka yanke, alƙalai 5 zuwa alƙalai 4 masu rarrabuwar kawuna, cewa ma'aikata da masu amfani ba su da ikon neman haƙƙoƙin kotunan jama'a idan sun amince da sasantawa a cikin yarjejeniyar gama gari ko ta mutum. Sakamakon ya zama watsi da haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka.
Cibiyar sasantawa ta ofungiyar 'Yan Kasuwancin Stockholm: Arungiyar sasantawa ta Stockholmungiyar 'Yan Kasuwancin Stockholm cibiya ce ta sasantawar ƙasashen duniya da ke da alaƙa da Chamberungiyar' Yan Kasuwancin Stockholm a Sweden.
Tsarin sassauci tsakanin tsaka-tsakin yanayi: Tsarin sasantawa tsakanin tsarin sasantawa (AIFS) , a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya ta LAN, hanya ce ta fifita ɗayan Rukunin Samun (AC) sama da ɗayan, kamar ba da fifiko ga murya ko bidiyo sama da imel. Ayyukan AIFS ta hanyar ragewa ko faɗaɗa lokacin kumburin mara waya yana jira kafin a ba shi izinin watsa jigonsa na gaba. Wani ɗan gajeren lokacin AIFS yana nufin saƙo yana da damar da za a iya ɗauka tare da ƙarancin latency, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman don jinkirta mahimman bayanai kamar murya ko bidiyo mai gudana.
Yanke shawara Yanke shawara , wani nau'i ne na sasanta rikice-rikice (ADR), hanya ce ta warware rikice-rikice a wajen kotunan shari'a. Mutum ko mutane da yawa za su yanke shawara game da rikicin, wanda ke ba da 'kyautar sulhu'. Shawarwarin sasantawa ko bayar da kyauta ya kasance doka ce ta kowane bangare kuma za a iya aiwatar da shi a kotuna, sai dai idan duk ɓangarorin sun ƙayyade cewa tsarin sasantawar da yanke hukuncin ba masu ɗauka ba ne.
Wurin sasantawa: Wurin sasantawa wani cibiya ce da ke da alaka da sulhu a duniya kuma cibiyar shari'a ce a cikin Bay-Adelaide Center, a Toronto, Kanada.
Tsarin Mulki: An saita Rock Arbitration Rock a cikin 1769 a matsayin alamar iyaka tsakanin ƙauyukan Long Island biyu na Newtown da Bushwick. Tunda Newtown ya kasance a cikin Queens County da Bushwick a cikin County County, wannan dutsen girman Volkswagen Beetle shima yayi alama don raba layin tsakanin waɗannan yankuna biyu na mulkin mallaka na New York.
Zaman sulhu na Toronto: Zagayen Zaman Lafiya na Toronto ya kunshi masu shigar da kara da yawa, masana, masu sasantawa, da masu shiga tsakani daga Babban yankin Toronto. Promotesungiyar tana inganta sasantawa azaman madadin hanyar sasanta rikice-rikice akan takaddama, musamman a cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci. Membobin sun hada da masu shigar da kara na kasuwanci daga kamfanonin shari'ar na Toronto da suka hada da wasu 'Yan Uwan Mata Bakwai na titin Bay. Kowane memba yana da ƙwarewa da sha'awar inganta Sashin Kasuwancin. Theungiyar ta sadaukar da lokacinta don ƙarfafa wannan nau'in warware matsalar ta hanyar taron karawa juna sani, takardu, da tattaunawa.
Yanke shawara Yanke shawara , wani nau'i ne na sasanta rikice-rikice (ADR), hanya ce ta warware rikice-rikice a wajen kotunan shari'a. Mutum ko mutane da yawa za su yanke shawara game da rikicin, wanda ke ba da 'kyautar sulhu'. Shawarwarin sasantawa ko bayar da kyauta ya kasance doka ce ta kowane bangare kuma za a iya aiwatar da shi a kotuna, sai dai idan duk ɓangarorin sun ƙayyade cewa tsarin sasantawar da yanke hukuncin ba masu ɗauka ba ne.
Dokar sasantawa da sulhu a 1996: 'Dokar sasantawa da sulhu a shekara ta 1996' ƙa'ida ce da ke daidaita sasantawar gida a Indiya. An gyara shi a cikin 2015 kuma ƙarin gyare-gyare ya wuce a Lok Sabha a ranar 1 Agusta 2019.
Dokar sasantawa da sulhu a 1996: 'Dokar sasantawa da sulhu a shekara ta 1996' ƙa'ida ce da ke daidaita sasantawar gida a Indiya. An gyara shi a cikin 2015 kuma ƙarin gyare-gyare ya wuce a Lok Sabha a ranar 1 Agusta 2019.
Kyautar sulhu: Kyautar sasantawa ita ce tabbatarwa a kan cancantar da kotun sasantawa a cikin sulhu, kuma yayi daidai da hukunci a kotu. Ana kiranta da 'kyauta' koda kuwa duk ikirarin mai da'awar ya gaza, ko kuma kyautar ba ta halin kuɗi ba ce.
Kyautar sulhu: Kyautar sasantawa ita ce tabbatarwa a kan cancantar da kotun sasantawa a cikin sulhu, kuma yayi daidai da hukunci a kotu. Ana kiranta da 'kyauta' koda kuwa duk ikirarin mai da'awar ya gaza, ko kuma kyautar ba ta halin kuɗi ba ce.
Dokar yanke hukunci a Amurka: Yanke hukunci a Amurka yana karkashin Dokar sasantawa ta Tarayya ta shekarar 1925, wacce ke bukatar kotuna su tursasa bangarorin da suka amince da sasantawa don shiga cikin sasantawa mai daurewa, hukuncin da ya rataya akan bangarorin. Tun bayan zartarwar FAA, duka kotunan jihohi da na tarayya sun bincika sassan sasantawa, da kuma wasu ƙa'idodin da suka shafi ɓangarorin sasantawa, don inganci da tilasta aiki.
Sashin yanke hukunci: Sashin sasantawa yanki ne a cikin kwangila wanda ke buƙatar ɓangarorin su warware matsalolinsu ta hanyar tsarin sasantawa. Kodayake irin wannan sashin na iya ko ba zai iya bayyana cewa sassaucin yana faruwa a cikin takamaiman iko ba, koyaushe yana ɗaura wa ɓangarorin zuwa wani nau'i na ƙuduri a wajen kotuna, don haka ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin yanki na zaɓin taron tattaunawa. An kuma san shi da kalmar " Scott v. Avery ."
Kwamitin sasantawa: Kwamitin sasantawa , kwamitin sasantawa ko majalisar sasantawa na iya komawa zuwa: Kotun sauraren kararraki, kwamitin masu yanke hukunci ba tare da son kai ba sun yi taro don warware rikici ta hanyar sasantawa Kwamitin sasantawa, kotun sasantawa da aka yi amfani da ita kan ayyukan Wikimedia irin su Wikipedia
Kwamitin sasantawa: Kwamitin sasantawa , kwamitin sasantawa ko majalisar sasantawa na iya komawa zuwa: Kotun sauraren kararraki, kwamitin masu yanke hukunci ba tare da son kai ba sun yi taro don warware rikici ta hanyar sasantawa Kwamitin sasantawa, kotun sasantawa da aka yi amfani da ita kan ayyukan Wikimedia irin su Wikipedia
Kwamitin sasantawa: Kwamitin sasantawa , kwamitin sasantawa ko majalisar sasantawa na iya komawa zuwa: Kotun sauraren kararraki, kwamitin masu yanke hukunci ba tare da son kai ba sun yi taro don warware rikici ta hanyar sasantawa Kwamitin sasantawa, kotun sasantawa da aka yi amfani da ita kan ayyukan Wikimedia irin su Wikipedia
Kwamitin sasantawa: Kwamitin sasantawa , kwamitin sasantawa ko majalisar sasantawa na iya komawa zuwa: Kotun sauraren kararraki, kwamitin masu yanke hukunci ba tare da son kai ba sun yi taro don warware rikici ta hanyar sasantawa Kwamitin sasantawa, kotun sasantawa da aka yi amfani da ita kan ayyukan Wikimedia irin su Wikipedia
Kwamitin sasantawa: Kwamitin sasantawa , kwamitin sasantawa ko majalisar sasantawa na iya komawa zuwa: Kotun sauraren kararraki, kwamitin masu yanke hukunci ba tare da son kai ba sun yi taro don warware rikici ta hanyar sasantawa Kwamitin sasantawa, kotun sasantawa da aka yi amfani da ita kan ayyukan Wikimedia irin su Wikipedia
Kotun sasantawa a Saint Petersburg Chamber of Commerce and Industry: Kotun sasantawa kotu ce mai zaman kanta ta dindindin a ƙarƙashin Chamberungiyar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta St. Petersburg, Rasha.
Yanke shawara Yanke shawara , wani nau'i ne na sasanta rikice-rikice (ADR), hanya ce ta warware rikice-rikice a wajen kotunan shari'a. Mutum ko mutane da yawa za su yanke shawara game da rikicin, wanda ke ba da 'kyautar sulhu'. Shawarwarin sasantawa ko bayar da kyauta ya kasance doka ce ta kowane bangare kuma za a iya aiwatar da shi a kotuna, sai dai idan duk ɓangarorin sun ƙayyade cewa tsarin sasantawar da yanke hukuncin ba masu ɗauka ba ne.
Yanke hukunci a Amurka: Yanke hukunci , a cikin yanayin dokar Amurka, wani nau'i ne na madadin warware rikice-rikice. Musamman, sasantawa shine madadin shari'ar ta inda bangarorin da ke takaddama suka yarda su gabatar da matsayinsu ga wani na uku na tsaka tsaki don warwarewa. A aikace ana amfani da sasantawa gaba ɗaya don maye gurbin ƙararraki, musamman lokacin da ake ganin tsarin shari'a yana da jinkiri, tsada ko son zuciya. A wasu mahallin, da wani mai sulhu iya bayyana a matsayin wani umpire.
Yanke hukunci a Anguilla: Tsarin doka a Anguilla an tsara shi musamman ta Dokar sasantawa.
Yanke shawara a Tsibirin Birtaniyya na Birtaniyya: Yanke hukunci a Tsibirin Biritaniya an tsara shi musamman ta dokar sasantawa, 2013 wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2014. Kafin wannan ranar, Arbitration Cap, 1976 ne ya kayyade sasancin.
Kwamitin sasantawa: A kan ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Kwamitin sasantawa ( ArbCom ) ɗauri ne, kwamitin sasanta rikice-rikice na editoci. Aikin farko da aka fara amfani da kwamitin sasantawa, kuma aka fi yada shi, shine Wikipedia na Turanci. Kowane ɗayan ayyukan Wikimedia yana da ikon sarrafa kansa da cin gashin kansa, kuma sun kafa nasu ArbComs, waɗanda editocin aikin suka kafa kuma galibi al'ummominsu ke zaɓen su kowace shekara. ArbComs suna magance rashin da'a ta masu gudanarwa da editoci tare da samun dama ga kayan aikin ci gaba, da kuma kewayon "ainihin-duniya" batutuwan da suka shafi halaye masu cutarwa waɗanda zasu iya faruwa a cikin ayyukan ayyukan Wikimedia. Hukunce-hukunce, manufofi da hanyoyin aiki sun banbanta tsakanin ayyukan dangane da yanayin gida da al'adu. Dangane da Sharuɗɗan Amfani na Wikimedia, ba a tilasta masu amfani da su don warware matsalar ta hanyar ArbCom.
Yanke shawara a Tsibirin Birtaniyya na Birtaniyya: Yanke hukunci a Tsibirin Biritaniya an tsara shi musamman ta dokar sasantawa, 2013 wacce ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2014. Kafin wannan ranar, Arbitration Cap, 1976 ne ya kayyade sasancin.
Yanke hukunci a Amurka: Yanke hukunci , a cikin yanayin dokar Amurka, wani nau'i ne na madadin warware rikice-rikice. Musamman, sasantawa shine madadin shari'ar ta inda bangarorin da ke takaddama suka yarda su gabatar da matsayinsu ga wani na uku na tsaka tsaki don warwarewa. A aikace ana amfani da sasantawa gaba ɗaya don maye gurbin ƙararraki, musamman lokacin da ake ganin tsarin shari'a yana da jinkiri, tsada ko son zuciya. A wasu mahallin, da wani mai sulhu iya bayyana a matsayin wani umpire.
Dokar yanke hukunci 1996: Dokar sasantawa 1996 doka ce ta Majalisar wacce ke tsara ayyukan sasantawa tsakanin ikon Ingila da Wales da Northern Ireland.
Yanke hukunci a Amurka: Yanke hukunci , a cikin yanayin dokar Amurka, wani nau'i ne na madadin warware rikice-rikice. Musamman, sasantawa shine madadin shari'ar ta inda bangarorin da ke takaddama suka yarda su gabatar da matsayinsu ga wani na uku na tsaka tsaki don warwarewa. A aikace ana amfani da sasantawa gaba ɗaya don maye gurbin ƙararraki, musamman lokacin da ake ganin tsarin shari'a yana da jinkiri, tsada ko son zuciya. A wasu mahallin, da wani mai sulhu iya bayyana a matsayin wani umpire.
Yanke hukunci a Amurka: Yanke hukunci , a cikin yanayin dokar Amurka, wani nau'i ne na madadin warware rikice-rikice. Musamman, sasantawa shine madadin shari'ar ta inda bangarorin da ke takaddama suka yarda su gabatar da matsayinsu ga wani na uku na tsaka tsaki don warwarewa. A aikace ana amfani da sasantawa gaba ɗaya don maye gurbin ƙararraki, musamman lokacin da ake ganin tsarin shari'a yana da jinkiri, tsada ko son zuciya. A wasu mahallin, da wani mai sulhu iya bayyana a matsayin wani umpire.
Yanke hukunci a Amurka: Yanke hukunci , a cikin yanayin dokar Amurka, wani nau'i ne na madadin warware rikice-rikice. Musamman, sasantawa shine madadin shari'ar ta inda bangarorin da ke takaddama suka yarda su gabatar da matsayinsu ga wani na uku na tsaka tsaki don warwarewa. A aikace ana amfani da sasantawa gaba ɗaya don maye gurbin ƙararraki, musamman lokacin da ake ganin tsarin shari'a yana da jinkiri, tsada ko son zuciya. A wasu mahallin, da wani mai sulhu iya bayyana a matsayin wani umpire.
Yanke hukunci a Amurka: Yanke hukunci , a cikin yanayin dokar Amurka, wani nau'i ne na madadin warware rikice-rikice. Musamman, sasantawa shine madadin shari'ar ta inda bangarorin da ke takaddama suka yarda su gabatar da matsayinsu ga wani na uku na tsaka tsaki don warwarewa. A aikace ana amfani da sasantawa gaba ɗaya don maye gurbin ƙararraki, musamman lokacin da ake ganin tsarin shari'a yana da jinkiri, tsada ko son zuciya. A wasu mahallin, da wani mai sulhu iya bayyana a matsayin wani umpire.
Tsarin sassauci tsakanin tsaka-tsakin yanayi: Tsarin sasantawa tsakanin tsarin sasantawa (AIFS) , a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya ta LAN, hanya ce ta fifita ɗayan Rukunin Samun (AC) sama da ɗayan, kamar ba da fifiko ga murya ko bidiyo sama da imel. Ayyukan AIFS ta hanyar ragewa ko faɗaɗa lokacin kumburin mara waya yana jira kafin a ba shi izinin watsa jigonsa na gaba. Wani ɗan gajeren lokacin AIFS yana nufin saƙo yana da damar da za a iya ɗauka tare da ƙarancin latency, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman don jinkirta mahimman bayanai kamar murya ko bidiyo mai gudana.
Tsarin sassauci tsakanin tsaka-tsakin yanayi: Tsarin sasantawa tsakanin tsarin sasantawa (AIFS) , a cikin hanyoyin sadarwa mara waya ta LAN, hanya ce ta fifita ɗayan Rukunin Samun (AC) sama da ɗayan, kamar ba da fifiko ga murya ko bidiyo sama da imel. Ayyukan AIFS ta hanyar ragewa ko faɗaɗa lokacin kumburin mara waya yana jira kafin a ba shi izinin watsa jigonsa na gaba. Wani ɗan gajeren lokacin AIFS yana nufin saƙo yana da damar da za a iya ɗauka tare da ƙarancin latency, wanda ke da mahimmanci musamman don jinkirta mahimman bayanai kamar murya ko bidiyo mai gudana.
Yanke shawara Yanke shawara , wani nau'i ne na sasanta rikice-rikice (ADR), hanya ce ta warware rikice-rikice a wajen kotunan shari'a. Mutum ko mutane da yawa za su yanke shawara game da rikicin, wanda ke ba da 'kyautar sulhu'. Shawarwarin sasantawa ko bayar da kyauta ya kasance doka ce ta kowane bangare kuma za a iya aiwatar da shi a kotuna, sai dai idan duk ɓangarorin sun ƙayyade cewa tsarin sasantawar da yanke hukuncin ba masu ɗauka ba ne.
Philippines da China: Philippines da China , wanda aka fi sani da Kudancin Kudancin China , sasantawa ce da Jamhuriyar Philippines ta kawo game da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin (PRC) a karkashin Rataye na VII zuwa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Dokar Tekun game da wasu batutuwa a cikin Tekun Kudancin China, gami da layin tara-tara da Jamhuriyar China (Taiwan) ta gabatar tun farkon 1947.
Zaman sulhu na Toronto: Zagayen Zaman Lafiya na Toronto ya kunshi masu shigar da kara da yawa, masana, masu sasantawa, da masu shiga tsakani daga Babban yankin Toronto. Promotesungiyar tana inganta sasantawa azaman madadin hanyar sasanta rikice-rikice akan takaddama, musamman a cikin hanyoyin kasuwanci. Membobin sun hada da masu shigar da kara na kasuwanci daga kamfanonin shari'ar na Toronto da suka hada da wasu 'Yan Uwan Mata Bakwai na titin Bay. Kowane memba yana da ƙwarewa da sha'awar inganta Sashin Kasuwancin. Theungiyar ta sadaukar da lokacinta don ƙarfafa wannan nau'in warware matsalar ta hanyar taron karawa juna sani, takardu, da tattaunawa.
Yanke shawara Yanke shawara , wani nau'i ne na sasanta rikice-rikice (ADR), hanya ce ta warware rikice-rikice a wajen kotunan shari'a. Mutum ko mutane da yawa za su yanke shawara game da rikicin, wanda ke ba da 'kyautar sulhu'. Shawarwarin sasantawa ko bayar da kyauta ya kasance doka ce ta kowane bangare kuma za a iya aiwatar da shi a kotuna, sai dai idan duk ɓangarorin sun ƙayyade cewa tsarin sasantawar da yanke hukuncin ba masu ɗauka ba ne.
Kotun sulhu: Kotun sasantawa ko kotun sasantawa , ita ma kwamitin sasantawa, kwamitin sasantawa ko kuma kwamitin sasantawa wani rukuni ne na masu yanke hukunci mara son zuciya wanda aka tara kuma ya zauna don warware takaddama ta hanyar sasantawa. Kotun na iya ƙunsar mai yin sulhu ɗaya tilo , ko kuma akwai masu raba gardama biyu ko sama da haka, waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da shugaba ko alƙali. Membobin da aka zaba don yin aiki a kwamitin sasantawa galibi kwararru ne da ke da masaniya a duka shari'a da sasanta rikice-rikice na abokantaka . Wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa kyakkyawan tsarin da ke cikin kwamitin sasantawa ya kamata ya hada da a kalla kuma kwararre daya a fagen takaddama, a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi tambayoyi na kadara ko lalacewar kimanta misali masanin tattalin arziki.
Kotun sulhu: Kotun sasantawa ko kotun sasantawa , ita ma kwamitin sasantawa, kwamitin sasantawa ko kuma kwamitin sasantawa wani rukuni ne na masu yanke hukunci mara son zuciya wanda aka tara kuma ya zauna don warware takaddama ta hanyar sasantawa. Kotun na iya ƙunsar mai yin sulhu ɗaya tilo , ko kuma akwai masu raba gardama biyu ko sama da haka, waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da shugaba ko alƙali. Membobin da aka zaba don yin aiki a kwamitin sasantawa galibi kwararru ne da ke da masaniya a duka shari'a da sasanta rikice-rikice na abokantaka . Wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa kyakkyawan tsarin da ke cikin kwamitin sasantawa ya kamata ya hada da a kalla kuma kwararre daya a fagen takaddama, a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi tambayoyi na kadara ko lalacewar kimanta misali masanin tattalin arziki.
Kotun sulhu: Kotun sasantawa ko kotun sasantawa , ita ma kwamitin sasantawa, kwamitin sasantawa ko kuma kwamitin sasantawa wani rukuni ne na masu yanke hukunci mara son zuciya wanda aka tara kuma ya zauna don warware takaddama ta hanyar sasantawa. Kotun na iya ƙunsar mai yin sulhu ɗaya tilo , ko kuma akwai masu raba gardama biyu ko sama da haka, waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da shugaba ko alƙali. Membobin da aka zaba don yin aiki a kwamitin sasantawa galibi kwararru ne da ke da masaniya a duka shari'a da sasanta rikice-rikice na abokantaka . Wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa kyakkyawan tsarin da ke cikin kwamitin sasantawa ya kamata ya hada da a kalla kuma kwararre daya a fagen takaddama, a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi tambayoyi na kadara ko lalacewar kimanta misali masanin tattalin arziki.
Fulungiyar Alkalai masu Bauta: Kamfanin Bautar Masu Ba da Shari'a shi ne na 93 a cikin tsari na fifiko na Kamfanonin Livery na Birnin London. Formungiyar a hukumance ta zama Kamfanin Livery a ranar 17 ga Maris 1981. Kamfanin yana tallafawa ilimi a fannin sasantawa. Hakanan yana aiki azaman ƙungiyar agaji. Jigon sa shine Doka da Al'ada , kuma cocin sa shine St Mary-le-Bow.
Kotun sulhu: Kotun sasantawa ko kotun sasantawa , ita ma kwamitin sasantawa, kwamitin sasantawa ko kuma kwamitin sasantawa wani rukuni ne na masu yanke hukunci mara son zuciya wanda aka tara kuma ya zauna don warware takaddama ta hanyar sasantawa. Kotun na iya ƙunsar mai yin sulhu ɗaya tilo , ko kuma akwai masu raba gardama biyu ko sama da haka, waɗanda za su iya haɗawa da shugaba ko alƙali. Membobin da aka zaba don yin aiki a kwamitin sasantawa galibi kwararru ne da ke da masaniya a duka shari'a da sasanta rikice-rikice na abokantaka . Wasu masana sun ba da shawarar cewa kyakkyawan tsarin da ke cikin kwamitin sasantawa ya kamata ya hada da a kalla kuma kwararre daya a fagen takaddama, a cikin al'amuran da suka shafi tambayoyi na kadara ko lalacewar kimanta misali masanin tattalin arziki.
Hanyar gyarawa: Methotrexate ( MTX ), wanda aka fi sani da amethopterin , wakili ne na kula da cutar sankara da kuma kawar da tsarin-rigakafi. Ana amfani dashi don magance ciwon daji, cututtukan autoimmune, da ciki mai ciki da zubar da ciki na likita. Ire-iren cututtukan da ake amfani da su sun hada da cutar sankarar mama, sankarar bargo, cutar huhu, lymphoma, gestational trophoblastic disease, da osteosarcoma. Ire-iren cututtukan cikin jiki da ake amfani da su sun hada da psoriasis, cututtukan rheumatoid, da cutar Crohn. Ana iya bayar da shi ta bakin ko ta hanyar allura.
Arbitrista: Arbitristas rukuni ne na masu ra'ayin kawo canji a ƙarshen karni na 16 da 17 na ƙasar Sifen da ke damuwa da raguwar tattalin arzikin Spain kuma suka gabatar da matakai da yawa don sauya ta. Arbitristas ya jagoranci nazarin matsala da shawarwari ("abubuwan tunawa") don maganin su ga sarki, yana roƙon shi ya ɗauki wani mataki na musamman a fagen tattalin arziki ko siyasa. Inara yawan samar da shawarwari da nazari wanda ke bayyana hanyoyin magance matsalolin masarautar da aka yi daidai da hauhawar farashi a cikin ainihin tattalin arziƙi yayin juyin juya halin farashi na ƙarni na sha shida kuma ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa tare da rikicin karni na goma sha bakwai.
Arbitrista: Arbitristas rukuni ne na masu ra'ayin kawo canji a ƙarshen karni na 16 da 17 na ƙasar Sifen da ke damuwa da raguwar tattalin arzikin Spain kuma suka gabatar da matakai da yawa don sauya ta. Arbitristas ya jagoranci nazarin matsala da shawarwari ("abubuwan tunawa") don maganin su ga sarki, yana roƙon shi ya ɗauki wani mataki na musamman a fagen tattalin arziki ko siyasa. Inara yawan samar da shawarwari da nazari wanda ke bayyana hanyoyin magance matsalolin masarautar da aka yi daidai da hauhawar farashi a cikin ainihin tattalin arziƙi yayin juyin juya halin farashi na ƙarni na sha shida kuma ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa tare da rikicin karni na goma sha bakwai.
Arbitrista: Arbitristas rukuni ne na masu ra'ayin kawo canji a ƙarshen karni na 16 da 17 na ƙasar Sifen da ke damuwa da raguwar tattalin arzikin Spain kuma suka gabatar da matakai da yawa don sauya ta. Arbitristas ya jagoranci nazarin matsala da shawarwari ("abubuwan tunawa") don maganin su ga sarki, yana roƙon shi ya ɗauki wani mataki na musamman a fagen tattalin arziki ko siyasa. Inara yawan samar da shawarwari da nazari wanda ke bayyana hanyoyin magance matsalolin masarautar da aka yi daidai da hauhawar farashi a cikin ainihin tattalin arziƙi yayin juyin juya halin farashi na ƙarni na sha shida kuma ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa tare da rikicin karni na goma sha bakwai.
Yanke shawara: Arbitrium peptide ne na kwayar cuta wanda kwayar cuta ke samarwa don sadarwa da juna. Amino acid guda shida ne masu tsayi, kuma ana samar dasu ne lokacinda wani bangare ya kamu da rundunar kwayar cuta. Yana sigina zuwa wasu fuskoki cewa mai gida ya kamu.
Nielsen Audio: Nielsen Audio kamfanin bincike ne na masu sayayya a Amurka wanda ke tattara bayanan masu sauraro kan watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. An kafa shi ne a matsayin Ofishin Bincike na Amurka ta Jim Seiler a 1949 kuma ya zama na ƙasa ta hanyar haɗuwa da Coffin, Cooper, da Clay na Los Angeles a farkon 1950s. Kasuwancin kamfanin na farko shi ne tarin raunin talabijin da aka watsa.
Nielsen Audio: Nielsen Audio kamfanin bincike ne na masu sayayya a Amurka wanda ke tattara bayanan masu sauraro kan watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. An kafa shi ne a matsayin Ofishin Bincike na Amurka ta Jim Seiler a 1949 kuma ya zama na ƙasa ta hanyar haɗuwa da Coffin, Cooper, da Clay na Los Angeles a farkon 1950s. Kasuwancin kamfanin na farko shi ne tarin raunin talabijin da aka watsa.
Nielsen Audio: Nielsen Audio kamfanin bincike ne na masu sayayya a Amurka wanda ke tattara bayanan masu sauraro kan watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. An kafa shi ne a matsayin Ofishin Bincike na Amurka ta Jim Seiler a 1949 kuma ya zama na ƙasa ta hanyar haɗuwa da Coffin, Cooper, da Clay na Los Angeles a farkon 1950s. Kasuwancin kamfanin na farko shi ne tarin raunin talabijin da aka watsa.
Jerin gidajen rediyo a Arewacin Amurka ta kasuwar watsa labarai: Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin tashoshin rediyo a Arewacin Amurka ta kasuwar kafofin watsa labarai .
Kasuwancin Media: Kasuwar watsa labaru , kasuwar watsa labarai, yankin kafofin watsa labarai, yankin da aka ayyana (DMA) , yankin kasuwar talabijin , ko kuma kasuwa kawai yanki ne da yawan jama'a zasu iya karbar talbijin iri iri da gidan rediyo, kuma yana iya hada da wasu nau'ikan kafofin watsa labarai kamar jaridu da bayanan intanet. Zasu iya dacewa ko haɗuwa tare da yanki ɗaya ko fiye, kodayake yankuna karkara waɗanda ke da ƙananan cibiyoyin yawan jama'a kuma ana iya sanya su a matsayin kasuwanni. Akasin haka, wasu manyan yankuna na wasu lokuta ana iya raba su zuwa sassa da yawa. Yankunan kasuwa na iya haɗuwa, ma'ana cewa mutanen da ke zaune a gefen kasuwar wata hanyar watsa labarai na iya samun damar karɓar abun ciki daga wasu kasuwannin da ke kusa. Ana amfani dasu sosai a cikin ma'aunin masu sauraro, waɗanda Nielsen Media Research ta tattara su a cikin Amurka. Nielsen ya auna duka masu kallon talabijin da rediyo tun lokacin da suka mallaki Arbitron, wanda aka kammala shi a watan Satumba na 2013.
Nielsen Audio: Nielsen Audio kamfanin bincike ne na masu sayayya a Amurka wanda ke tattara bayanan masu sauraro kan watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. An kafa shi ne a matsayin Ofishin Bincike na Amurka ta Jim Seiler a 1949 kuma ya zama na ƙasa ta hanyar haɗuwa da Coffin, Cooper, da Clay na Los Angeles a farkon 1950s. Kasuwancin kamfanin na farko shi ne tarin raunin talabijin da aka watsa.
Nielsen Audio: Nielsen Audio kamfanin bincike ne na masu sayayya a Amurka wanda ke tattara bayanan masu sauraro kan watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo. An kafa shi ne a matsayin Ofishin Bincike na Amurka ta Jim Seiler a 1949 kuma ya zama na ƙasa ta hanyar haɗuwa da Coffin, Cooper, da Clay na Los Angeles a farkon 1950s. Kasuwancin kamfanin na farko shi ne tarin raunin talabijin da aka watsa.
Arbius: Arbius wani babban suna ne na allahn Girka na Zeus, wanda aka samo daga Dutsen Arbias a cikin Krit - a wannan zamani, tsaunuka da rami kusa da Arvi - inda aka bauta masa.
Arviz, Nehbandan: Arviz wani ƙauye ne a cikin Gundumar Neh, a cikin Babban Gundumar Nehbandan County, Kudancin Khorasan, Iran. A ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, yawan jama'arta ya kai 365, a cikin iyalai 88.
Augusto Arbizo: Augusto Arbizo ɗan zane ne na gani, gallerist, kuma mai kula da fasaha. Arbizo yana zaune kuma yana aiki a cikin Birnin New York. Arbizo ya yi karatu a Makarantar Makarantar Fasaha ta Chicago kuma ya kammala karatunsa a The Cooper Union School of Art, NY, inda ya sami Digiri na Fasaha a zane; ya sami digiri na biyu na Fine Arts daga Jami'ar Michigan. Nunin nunin nasa ya haɗa da White Columns, NY; Jakada, NY; Sandra Gering Gallery, NY; Michael Steinberg Fine Art, NY; da Roebling Hall Gallery, NY. Nunin nunin rukuni ya haɗa da PS1 / MoMA, NY; Sararin Sararin Samaniya, NY; da kuma The Queens Museum of Art, NY. A matsayin mai kula, ya shirya nune-nune don Greenberg Van Doren Gallery, NY, White Columns, NY, da John Connelly Presents, NY da sauransu. Ya kasance darekta na 11R Eleven Rivington, NY (2007-2017), wanda ya haɗu da Van Doren Waxter; Arbizo abokin haɗin zane ne a Van Doren Waxter (2017 – present).
Arbizu: Arbizu ƙauye ne da kuma karamar hukuma a cikin lardin kuma suna da ikon mallakar Navarre, arewacin Spain, makwabta Etxarri-Aranatz. "Fiesta" ta gargajiya ta faɗi ne a ranar 24 ga Yuni, ranar St. John, kuma ana lura da ita don bikin da ake yi a babban dandalin.
Arblade-le-Bas: Arblade-le-Bas wata ƙungiya ce a cikin sashen Gers a kudu maso yammacin Faransa.
Arblade-le-Haut: Arblade-le-Haut wata ƙungiya ce a cikin sashen Gers a kudu maso yammacin Faransa.
Arbalest: Arbalest shine ƙarshen bambancin giciye wanda ake amfani dashi a Turai yayin ƙarni na 12. Babban makami, arbalest yana da ƙarfe na ƙarfe ("baka"). Tunda arbalest ya fi girma fiye da gicciyen farko, kuma saboda tsananin ƙarfin ƙarfe, yana da ƙarfi. Koyaya, mafi girman nauyin zana ya daidaita ta ƙaramin ƙarfi, wanda ya iyakance iyawar sa cikin cikakken tura makamashi zuwa cikin maɓallin giciye. Mafi ƙarfi arbalests da aka ja da gilashi na iya samun ƙarfin 22 kN kuma ya zama daidai har zuwa 100 m. Gwanin arbalestier (arbalester) na iya kwance ƙusoshi biyu a minti daya.
Arblaster: Arblaster sunan mahaifi ne. Sanannun mutane tare da sunan mahaifa sun haɗa da: Bill Arblaster (1900–?), Dan wasan kwallon kafa ta Ingila (kwallon kafa) David Arblaster (1929-2006), ɗan siyasan Australiya Julie Arblaster, masanin kimiyyar Australiya Robert Arblaster, dan wasan kurket na New Zealand
David Arblaster: David Amos Arblaster , ɗan siyasan New South Wales ne, Ministan Al'adu, Wasanni da Nishaɗi kuma Ministan yawon buɗe ido a majalisar ministocin Sir Eric Willis har sai da jam'iyyar Liberal ta fadi a zaɓen 1976. An zabi Arblaster zuwa Majalisar Dokokin New South Wales na Yankin Zabe na Mosman a cikin 1972 kuma ya yi aiki har sai ya yi ritaya a 1984.
Robert Arblaster: Robert Arblaster tsohon dan wasan kurket ne na New Zealand. Ya taka leda a aji goma na farko da wasanni biyu na jerin A don Auckland tsakanin 1976 da 1980.
Arbnež: Arbnež , wanda aka fi sani da Arbneš , ƙauye ne a cikin karamar hukumar Bar a kudancin Montenegro. Tana cikin yankin Skadarska Krajina, kusa da Lake Skadar.
Arbnež: Arbnež , wanda aka fi sani da Arbneš , ƙauye ne a cikin karamar hukumar Bar a kudancin Montenegro. Tana cikin yankin Skadarska Krajina, kusa da Lake Skadar.
Arbanasi mutane: Arbanasi wata al'umma ce a cikin yankin Zadar, Kuroshiya, daga asalin Albaniya, waɗanda ke al'ada suna jin yaren Arbanasi na Gheg Albanian. Sunansu tsohuwar hanya ce da za a ce Albanians a cikin Croatian kuma ita ce mafi girman yanki na Arbanasi na farko a yankin, wanda a yau kewayen Zadar. A cikin adabin Albaniyan, an san su da "Albanians na Zadar".
Arbanasi mutane: Arbanasi wata al'umma ce a cikin yankin Zadar, Kuroshiya, daga asalin Albaniya, waɗanda ke al'ada suna jin yaren Arbanasi na Gheg Albanian. Sunansu tsohuwar hanya ce da za a ce Albanians a cikin Croatian kuma ita ce mafi girman yanki na Arbanasi na farko a yankin, wanda a yau kewayen Zadar. A cikin adabin Albaniyan, an san su da "Albanians na Zadar".
Arbanasi mutane: Arbanasi wata al'umma ce a cikin yankin Zadar, Kuroshiya, daga asalin Albaniya, waɗanda ke al'ada suna jin yaren Arbanasi na Gheg Albanian. Sunansu tsohuwar hanya ce da za a ce Albanians a cikin Croatian kuma ita ce mafi girman yanki na Arbanasi na farko a yankin, wanda a yau kewayen Zadar. A cikin adabin Albaniyan, an san su da "Albanians na Zadar".
Arbanasi mutane: Arbanasi wata al'umma ce a cikin yankin Zadar, Kuroshiya, daga asalin Albaniya, waɗanda ke al'ada suna jin yaren Arbanasi na Gheg Albanian. Sunansu tsohuwar hanya ce da za a ce Albanians a cikin Croatian kuma ita ce mafi girman yanki na Arbanasi na farko a yankin, wanda a yau kewayen Zadar. A cikin adabin Albaniyan, an san su da "Albanians na Zadar".
Arbnež: Arbnež , wanda aka fi sani da Arbneš , ƙauye ne a cikin karamar hukumar Bar a kudancin Montenegro. Tana cikin yankin Skadarska Krajina, kusa da Lake Skadar.
Arbnež: Arbnež , wanda aka fi sani da Arbneš , ƙauye ne a cikin karamar hukumar Bar a kudancin Montenegro. Tana cikin yankin Skadarska Krajina, kusa da Lake Skadar.
Arbnež: Arbnež , wanda aka fi sani da Arbneš , ƙauye ne a cikin karamar hukumar Bar a kudancin Montenegro. Tana cikin yankin Skadarska Krajina, kusa da Lake Skadar.