Air sports at the 2017 World Games – Paramotor slalom, Air sports at the World Games, Parachuting at the 2005 World Games

Wasannin iska a Wasannin Duniya na 2017 - Paramotor slalom: An buga wasannin gwal na slalom a wasannin duniya na 2017 a Wrocław tsakanin 21 da 23 ga Yuli. 17 Paramotor slalom gasa, daga kasashe 5, sun halarci gasar. Gasar wasannin iska ta gudana a Filin jirgin saman Szymanów a Szymanów.
Wasannin iska a Wasannin Duniya: An gabatar da wasanni na iska tare da lalatacciyar horo a matsayin wasannin Wasannin Duniya a Wasannin Duniya na 1997 a Lahti. A wasannin duniya na 2013 a Cali kuma an gabatar da paragliding.
Parachuting a Wasannin Duniya na 2005: An buga wasannin motsa jiki a cikin wasanni na sama a Wasannin Duniya na 2005 a Duisburg tsakanin 15 da 17 ga Yuli. Parachuter daga kasashe 19, suka halarci gasar. Gasar parachuting ta faru a Toeppersee Nordufer Duisburg.
Parachuting a Wasannin Duniya na 2009: An buga wasannin motsa jiki na wasannin motsa jiki a wasannin duniya na 2009 a Kaohsiung tsakanin 17 da 21 ga Yuli. Masu jigilar fasinjoji 109, daga ƙasashe 22, sun halarci gasar. Gasar parachuting ta gudana ne a Kaohsiung Metropolitan Park.
Gas duster: Gas duster , wanda aka fi sani da iska mai gwangwani ko iska mai matsewa , samfur ne wanda ake amfani dashi don tsaftacewa ko ƙura kayan lantarki da sauran na'urori masu mahimmanci waɗanda baza'a iya tsabtace su ta amfani da ruwa ba.
Ruwa-wadata ruwa: Nutsewar ruwa da aka kawota daga saman ruwa ana amfani da kayan aikin da aka samar da iskar gas mai amfani da ita ta amfani da umbilical daga saman, ko dai daga bakin ruwa ko daga jirgin tallafi na ruwa, wani lokacin a kaikaice ta hanyar kararrawar ruwa. Wannan ya bambanta da ruwa, inda kayan aikin nitsar da mai shayarwa gaba ɗaya ke da kansa kuma babu hanyar haɗi zuwa saman. Fa'idodi na farko na yanayin ruwa da aka samar sune ƙananan haɗarin nutsuwa da kuma wadataccen iskar gas mai yawa fiye da ruwa, yana ba da damar yin aiki mai tsayi da kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali. Rashin fa'ida shine iyakancewa akan yanayin juji da aka sanya ta tsawon cibiya, ƙwanƙwasawa daga cibiya, da tsadar kayan aiki da kayan aiki idan aka kwatanta da jannatin ruwa. Rashin fa'idodi ya hana amfani da wannan yanayin nutsuwa zuwa aikace-aikacen da mai nasar da ruwa yake aiki a cikin ƙaramin yanki, wanda yake gama gari a cikin aikin ruwa.
Squadron (jirgin sama): Squadungiyoyin sojoji a cikin iska, jirgin sama na soja, ko jirgin ruwa na jirgin ruwa ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi jiragen sama na soja da iska, galibi iri ɗaya ne, galibi tare da jirgin sama 12 zuwa 24, wani lokaci ana raba su uku ko huɗu, dangane da nau'in jirgin sama. da kuma sojojin sama. Squadungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da ke da nau'ikan jirgin sama masu nauyi irin su masu tayar da bam mai dogon zango, jirgin jigilar kaya, ko masu dakon mai a iska suna da jiragen sama kusan 12 a matsayin izini na gari, yayin da galibin rukunin mayaƙan ƙasa ke da wadatattun lambobi na 18 zuwa 24.
Matsayin iska: Tushewar iska wani lamari ne wanda ke faruwa yayin da iskar iska ta kasance akan wani yanki na tsawan lokaci. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin nutsuwa suna da alaƙa da ƙarfi da ƙarancin iska. Saboda iska mai sauƙi da rashin ruwa, ba za a iya share abubuwan gurɓataccen iska daga iska, ko dai mai hayaki ko wani abu. Rage adadin da aka samar kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin tudu wanda ke iya haifar da tarin abubuwa a cikin biranen da ke ƙarƙashin dutsen, wanda ke haifar da hazo mai yaɗuwa. Idan ƙarancin ƙarancin yanayin zafi ya tashi zuwa kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dare, hazo na iya tashi. A Amurka, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta ba da Shawarwarin Rashin Tsarin Jirgin sama lokacin da wad'annan halayen za su iya faruwa.
Matsayin iska: Tushewar iska wani lamari ne wanda ke faruwa yayin da iskar iska ta kasance akan wani yanki na tsawan lokaci. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin nutsuwa suna da alaƙa da ƙarfi da ƙarancin iska. Saboda iska mai sauƙi da rashin ruwa, ba za a iya share abubuwan gurɓataccen iska daga iska, ko dai mai hayaki ko wani abu. Rage adadin da aka samar kai tsaye a ƙarƙashin tudu wanda ke iya haifar da tarin abubuwa a cikin biranen da ke ƙarƙashin dutsen, wanda ke haifar da hazo mai yaɗuwa. Idan ƙarancin ƙarancin yanayin zafi ya tashi zuwa kashi 100 cikin ɗari na dare, hazo na iya tashi. A Amurka, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta ba da Shawarwarin Rashin Tsarin Jirgin sama lokacin da wad'annan halayen za su iya faruwa.
Tsarin farawa: Tsarin -iska shine tushen tushen wutar lantarki da ake amfani dashi don samar da juyawa ta farko don fara manyan injunan dizal da injin turbine.
Kayan tallafi na ƙasa: Kayan tallafi na ƙasa ( GSE ) kayan tallafi ne waɗanda aka samo a tashar jirgin sama, yawanci akan allon, yankin sabis na tashar. Ana amfani da wannan kayan aikin don hidimar jirgin sama tsakanin jirage. Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, kayan tallafi na ƙasa suna nan don tallafawa ayyukan jirgin sama yayin ƙasa. Matsayin wannan kayan aikin gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ayyukan ikon ƙasa, motsi na jirgin sama, da ayyukan ɗaukar kaya / fasinjoji.
Tashar jirgin sama: Tashar jirgin sama na iya koma zuwa: AirStation, jerin kayan aikin LAN mara waya wanda Fasahar Buffalo ta sayar Filin jirgin sama Tashar jirgin ruwa na Naval Tashar don cika motar iska
Tashar jirgin sama: Tashar jirgin sama na iya koma zuwa: AirStation, jerin kayan aikin LAN mara waya wanda Fasahar Buffalo ta sayar Filin jirgin sama Tashar jirgin ruwa na Naval Tashar don cika motar iska
M (motsa jiki): M sama motsawa ce ta rawa a cikin Lindy Hop ko Boogie Woogie inda ƙafafun mutum suke barin bene. Akasin ɗagawa, iska mataki ne inda ake buƙatar jefa abokin tarayya cikin iska sannan ya sauka a kan lokaci tare da kiɗan. Kowane jirgi ya ƙunshi shiri ('prep'), tsalle ko yaudarar kanta da saukowar sa.
Mai hidimar jirgin sama: A jirgin bawa, kuma aka sani a matsayin boyi / baiwa ko iska rundunar / iska uwar gida, shi ne memba na aircrew a kan kasuwanci flights, da yawa kasuwanci jiragen sama da kuma wasu gwamnatin jirgin sama. Gabaɗaya ana kiran ƙungiyoyin gida, ma'aikatan jirgi sune ke da alhakin kare lafiyar fasinjoji da jin daɗi.
Mai hidimar jirgin sama: A jirgin bawa, kuma aka sani a matsayin boyi / baiwa ko iska rundunar / iska uwar gida, shi ne memba na aircrew a kan kasuwanci flights, da yawa kasuwanci jiragen sama da kuma wasu gwamnatin jirgin sama. Gabaɗaya ana kiran ƙungiyoyin gida, ma'aikatan jirgi sune ke da alhakin kare lafiyar fasinjoji da jin daɗi.
Filin jirgin sama: Filin jirgin sama na sama , wanda kuma ake kira kumfa aquarium , yanki ne na kayan akwatin kifaye, a al'adance wani yanki ne na lemun tsami ko dutse mai laushi, wanda manufar sa shine watsa iska a hankali cikin tankin, tare da kawar da hayaniya da manyan kumfa na tsarin tace iska ta al'ada, da samar da su. sauran fa'idodi ga lafiyar kifin. "Airstone" shima alama ce ta dutse ko kayan aikin bulo da masu ginin gida suke amfani da ita. Ana sayar da duwatsu a cikin sifofi iri-iri, masu girma dabam, da matakan laulayi - daga tsananin wahala, samar da manyan kumfa da barin ƙarin iskar oxygen - zuwa kyakkyawa, samar da kumfa ƙarami. Airstones ana ƙara zama daga gilashin gilashi waɗanda aka haɗu da samfuran roba kamar fiberglass.
Hawan iska: A cikin ilimin yanayin yanayi, ƙirar iska ƙira ce ta iska wacce aka ayyana ta da yanayin zafin nata da kuma ɗimbin ruwa. Talakawan iska suna rufe ɗarurruwan ɗari ko dubbai, kuma sun daidaita da halayen farfajiyar da ke ƙasa da su. An rarraba su gwargwadon sararin samaniya da yankunansu na asalin kogin ruwa. Ana kiran yawancin iska mai sanyi a bayyane ko na arctic, yayin da yawancin iska masu dumi ana musu kallon wurare masu zafi. Kasashen na iska da na sama sun bushe yayin da dumbin iska da damina ke da danshi. Gabatarwar yanayi ya raba talakawan iska da halaye masu yawa daban-daban. Da zarar tarin iska ya kaura daga yankin asalinsa, ciyayi masu asali da jikkunan ruwa na iya sauya halinsu da sauri. Shirye-shiryen rarrabuwa suna magance halayen iska 'halaye, tare da gyara. Hakanan sanannen sanannen sananne ne a cikin Kimiyyar Twig
Airstrike: An harin, iska yajin ko iska hari ne m aiki da za'ayi ta jirgin sama. Ana kai hare-hare ta sama daga jiragen sama kamar su blimps, balloons, mayaka, bama-bamai, jirgin sama na kasa, jirage masu saukar ungulu da jirage marasa matuka. Ma'anar hukuma ta hada da dukkan nau'ikan hari, gami da makircin iska, amma a sanannen amfani ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa zuwa wani dabarar dabara (karami) a kan kasa ko makasudin ruwan teku sabanin mafi girma, babban hari kamar carpet. jefa bom. Makamai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin harin sama na iya kaiwa daga bindigogi masu amfani da wuta kai tsaye da bindigogi masu linzami, rokoki da makamai masu linzami na sama zuwa sama, zuwa nau'ikan bama-bamai na sama, bama-bamai masu tashi sama, makamai masu linzami, jiragen sama masu linzami, har ma da makamai masu ƙarfi. kamar lasers.
Harin Bam na Libya: Harin Bom a Libya ko wasu maganganu makamantan su na iya komawa zuwa: 1911–1912: Giulio Gavotti, tashin jirgin sama na farko a cikin duniya a cikin jirgin sama mai nauyi fiye da iska da kuma aikin dare na farko a cikin duniya a daidai; Italo-yakin Turkiya a Libya 1942–43: Gangamin Masar – Libya, yakin Yakin Duniya na II 1986: Hawan jirgin sama na Ouadi Doum, yakin Faransa a lokacin rikicin Chadi-Libya Harin Bama-bamai Amurka na 1986 a Libya, wani harin sama na Amurka bayan harin bam din disko na Berlin Tsoma bakin soja a shekarar 2011 a Libya, yakin neman zabe na kasashe da dama don hambarar da gwamnatin Gaddafi
Airstrike: An harin, iska yajin ko iska hari ne m aiki da za'ayi ta jirgin sama. Ana kai hare-hare ta sama daga jiragen sama kamar su blimps, balloons, mayaka, bama-bamai, jirgin sama na kasa, jirage masu saukar ungulu da jirage marasa matuka. Ma'anar hukuma ta hada da dukkan nau'ikan hari, gami da makircin iska, amma a sanannen amfani ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa zuwa wani dabarar dabara (karami) a kan kasa ko makasudin ruwan teku sabanin mafi girma, babban hari kamar carpet. jefa bom. Makamai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin harin sama na iya kaiwa daga bindigogi masu amfani da wuta kai tsaye da bindigogi masu linzami, rokoki da makamai masu linzami na sama zuwa sama, zuwa nau'ikan bama-bamai na sama, bama-bamai masu tashi sama, makamai masu linzami, jiragen sama masu linzami, har ma da makamai masu ƙarfi. kamar lasers.
Aerodrome: Aerodrome ko airdrome wuri ne da ake yin ayyukan jirgin sama, ba tare da la'akari da ko sun ƙunshi jigilar iska, fasinjoji, ko kuma babu. Aerodromes sun haɗa da ƙananan filayen jiragen sama na gaba ɗaya, manyan filayen jiragen sama na kasuwanci, da sansanonin iska na soja.
Yanayin siyasa na Goma sha Takwas da Arba'in da Hudu: Oceania, Eurasia da kuma Eastasia ne uku almara superstates a George Orwell ta 1949 dystopian labari Sha tara lambar rabon tamanin da huɗu. Duk abin da 'yan asalin Oceania suka sani game da duniya shi ne duk abin da Jam'iyya ke so su sani, don haka yadda duniya ta rikide zuwa jihohi uku ba a sani ba; kuma shi ma mai karatu ba shi da masaniya ko a zahiri sun wanzu a zahirin labarin, ko kuwa labarai ne da Jam'iyyar ta kirkira don ciyar da zamantakewar jama'a gaba. Al'ummai, har zuwa yadda za a iya samar da bayanai, ga alama sun fito ne daga yaƙin nukiliya da wargaza ƙungiyoyin sama da shekaru 20 tsakanin 1945 da 1965.
Hanyar iska: Layin jirgin sama wani nau'i ne na layin watsa shirye-shiryen lantarki inda aka dakatar da madugu a cikin siramin siradi na ƙarfe tsakanin jirgin ƙasa biyu. Manufar ita ce a sanya dielectric ya zama iska. Goyon bayan inji na layin na iya zama siraran sirara, mai tallafi na lokaci-lokaci, ko masu haɗa na'urar da wasu abubuwa na lantarki.
Kwashe iska: Tattalin iska shine canzawar abubuwan ruwa masu canzawa zuwa rafin iska. Fasahar injiniyan muhalli ce da aka yi amfani da ita don tsarkake ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa da ruwan sharar dake ɗauke da mahaɗan mawuyacin yanayi.
Kwashe iska: Tattalin iska shine canzawar abubuwan ruwa masu canzawa zuwa rafin iska. Fasahar injiniyan muhalli ce da aka yi amfani da ita don tsarkake ruwan da ke cikin ƙasa da ruwan sharar dake ɗauke da mahaɗan mawuyacin yanayi.
Aerodrome: Aerodrome ko airdrome wuri ne da ake yin ayyukan jirgin sama, ba tare da la'akari da ko sun ƙunshi jigilar iska, fasinjoji, ko kuma babu. Aerodromes sun haɗa da ƙananan filayen jiragen sama na gaba ɗaya, manyan filayen jiragen sama na kasuwanci, da sansanonin iska na soja.
Rikodin mai zaman kansa mai dangantaka: Associated Independent Recording (AIR) kamfani ne mai rikodin mai zaman kansa wanda aka kafa a London a cikin 1965 ta mai gabatar da rikodi Sir George Martin da abokin kasuwancin sa John Burgess, bayan tashin su daga Parlophone. Faifan farko da sabon kamfanin nasa George Martin ya samar shine Beatles ' Rubber Soul , wanda aka sanya shi a Studios Abbey Road.
Jirgin tsotsa iska: Bawul ɗin tsotsa iska (SAV) tsari ne wanda ake amfani dashi don rage hayaki a cikin iska mai ƙarancin injunan ƙone ciki.
Kayan ado: An inflatable kaya ko iska-inflated kaya ne mai kaya cewa an inflated a kusa da wearer ta wajen wani baturi-Powered abun hura cewa tsotsa iska a cikin kaya. Waɗannan tufafi galibi suna tsayawa tsayin ƙafa 9-10 lokacin da aka kumbura.
Kayan ado: An inflatable kaya ko iska-inflated kaya ne mai kaya cewa an inflated a kusa da wearer ta wajen wani baturi-Powered abun hura cewa tsotsa iska a cikin kaya. Waɗannan tufafi galibi suna tsayawa tsayin ƙafa 9-10 lokacin da aka kumbura.
Matsayin iska: Airarfin sarauta matsayi ne na fifikon iska inda wani gefe ke riƙe da cikakken ikon ikon iska akan sojojin adawa. Matakan iko ne na iska a yaƙe-yaƙe. Sarƙar iska daidai yake da umarnin jirgin ruwa na iska.
Mayaƙin iska: Wani mayaƙin da yafi ƙarfin iska shine jirgin saman yaƙi wanda aka tsara don kwace ikon sararin abokan gaba ta hanyar kafa mamayar dabarun akan sojojin sama masu adawa. Mayakan da ke da fifiko a sama ana ba su aiki ne na farko don yin yaƙi na yaƙi da masu adawa, iska mai sauƙi da kuma kawar da duk wani ƙalubale kan ikon sararin samaniya, kodayake wasu na iya samun matsayi na biyu don kai hare-hare ta sama da ƙasa.
Air Force blue: Launukan shudi na Sojan Sama launuka iri-iri ne wadanda galibi launuka iri-iri ne na launuka azure, sautunan da suka fi tsabta ana gano su launuka ne na sama a sarari.
Mayaƙin iska: Wani mayaƙin da yafi ƙarfin iska shine jirgin saman yaƙi wanda aka tsara don kwace ikon sararin abokan gaba ta hanyar kafa mamayar dabarun akan sojojin sama masu adawa. Mayakan da ke da fifiko a sama ana ba su aiki ne na farko don yin yaƙi na yaƙi da masu adawa, iska mai sauƙi da kuma kawar da duk wani ƙalubale kan ikon sararin samaniya, kodayake wasu na iya samun matsayi na biyu don kai hare-hare ta sama da ƙasa.
Mayaƙin iska: Wani mayaƙin da yafi ƙarfin iska shine jirgin saman yaƙi wanda aka tsara don kwace ikon sararin abokan gaba ta hanyar kafa mamayar dabarun akan sojojin sama masu adawa. Mayakan da ke da fifiko a sama ana ba su aiki ne na farko don yin yaƙi na yaƙi da masu adawa, iska mai sauƙi da kuma kawar da duk wani ƙalubale kan ikon sararin samaniya, kodayake wasu na iya samun matsayi na biyu don kai hare-hare ta sama da ƙasa.
Samun iska: Isar iska na iya komawa zuwa: Samun iska (gine) Samfurin iska, duo mai laushi mai duo Isar iska Isar iska
Samun iska: Isar iska na iya komawa zuwa: Samun iska (gine) Samfurin iska, duo mai laushi mai duo Isar iska Isar iska
Samun iska: Isar iska na iya komawa zuwa: Samun iska (gine) Samfurin iska, duo mai laushi mai duo Isar iska Isar iska
Mumbo Jumbo (album): Mumbo Jumbo ita ce kundin faifan bidiyo na 17 da byan wasan dusar ƙanƙara na Turanci-Ostiraliya mai suna Air Supply, wanda aka fitar a shekarar 2010. Mawaƙan guda biyu daga kundin, "Rawa tare da Ni" da "Bangaskiya cikin "auna", dukkansu suna saman 30 ne a kan Talla na Manyan ultan Zamanin. ginshiƙi.
Rufe taimakon iska: A cikin dabarun soja, taimakon iska na kusa ( CAS ) an bayyana shi azaman iska kamar bugun iska ta tsayayyen ko jirgi mai jujjuya kan makircin makiya kusa da sojojin abokantaka kuma yana buƙatar cikakken haɗin kowane manufa ta iska tare da wuta da motsin waɗannan rundunonin da kai hare-hare tare da bama-bamai na sama, bama-bamai masu linzami, makamai masu linzami, rokoki, sandunan jirgin sama, bindigogi masu harbi, har ma da makamai masu ƙarfi kamar lasers.
Gidan tallafi na iska: Wani sansanin tallafi na iska shine yawancin sojojin Sojan Sama na Sojojin Amurka wadanda aka kirkira kusa da sansanonin Amurka / sansanin Sojojin Kasa. An kirkiro sansanonin ne a matsayin wani bangare na "shirin ci gaban tushe na ci gaban iska" lokacin da 'yan kungiyar lura da masu tsaron kasa da aka sanya su cikin aikin gwamnatin tarayya a shekarar 1940-1941 ba su da isassun wuraren da za su gudanar da horonsu. A cikin 1941 HQ USAAF yana da Sashin Tallafi na Airasa wanda ya yi rikodin abubuwan buƙatun tushe na Air kuma a ranar 1 Disamba 1942, AAF ya buga duka Jerin Tashoshi don tushen tallafi.
Tsarin tallafi na iska: Tsarin tallafi da iska shine duk wani gini wanda ya sami mutuncin tsarin sa daga amfani da iska mai matse iska don kumbura ambulaf ɗin abu mai sassauƙa, don haka iska shine babban goyan bayan tsarin, kuma inda samun dama yake ta hanyar iska.
Matsayin iska: Airarfin sarauta matsayi ne na fifikon iska inda wani gefe ke riƙe da cikakken ikon ikon iska akan sojojin adawa. Matakan iko ne na iska a yaƙe-yaƙe. Sarƙar iska daidai yake da umarnin jirgin ruwa na iska.
Binciken jirgin sama: Binciken sararin samaniya hanya ce ta tattara geomatics ko wasu hotunan ta amfani da jiragen sama, jirage masu saukar ungulu, UAVs, balan-balan ko wasu hanyoyin iska. Ire-iren bayanan da aka tattara sun hada da daukar hoto ta sama, Lidar, hangen nesa da kuma bayanan yanayin kasa (kamar binciken yanayin aeromagnetic da kuma karfin su. Hakanan yana iya komawa zuwa ginshiƙi ko taswirar da aka yi ta nazarin yanki daga iska. fasahohin hotunan hoto saboda mafi kyawun ƙuduri, inganci da yanayin yanayi.A yau, wasu lokuta ana gane binciken sararin samaniya a matsayin ma'anar ma'anar yanayin sararin samaniya, ɓangaren hoto inda ake sanya kyamara a cikin iska. Ana bayar da awo akan hotunan sama ta hanyar fasahar kere kere da hanyoyin.
Dakatarwar iska: Dakatar da iska wani nauin dakatarwar abin hawa ne da ake amfani da shi ta injin famfo ko kwampreso mai inji. Wannan kwampreso yana tura iska zuwa cikin bellow mai sassauci, galibi ana yin sa ne daga roba mai ƙarfi. Ba kamar dakatarwar hydropneumatic ba, wanda ke ba da fasali iri ɗaya da yawa, dakatarwar iska ba ta amfani da ruwa mai matsatsi, amma iska mai matsewa. Matsi na iska ya kumbura bellows, kuma yana tayar da akwatin daga aksali.
Aerophagia: Aerophagia yanayi ne na haɗiye iska mai yawa, wanda ke zuwa ciki. Aerophagia na iya komawa zuwa wani yanayin da ba a saba gani ba inda ainihin alamar ta wuce gona da iri, ƙarancin ciki ba ya nan, kuma ainihin aikin da iska ke shiga cikin hanji ba a san shi ba. Aerophagia a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa wani lokaci ana danganta shi da damuwa ko damuwa.
Jirgin Ruwa: Air Swimmer wani kifi ne mai wasan iska mai tashi mai tashi wanda kamfanin William Mark Corporation ya kera shi, wanda yake hakikanin gaskiya yana shawagi ta iska.
Tebur na gani: Tebur mai kyan gani shine dandamalin sarrafa faɗakarwa wanda ake amfani dashi don tallafawa tsarin da aka yi amfani dashi don gwaje-gwajen da suka shafi laser da kimiyyar gani, injiniya da masana'antu. An tsara saman saman waɗannan teburin don zama masu tsayayye sosai tare da ƙaramar juyawa don daidaituwar abubuwan gani su tabbata a cikin lokaci. Yawancin tsarin gani yana buƙatar faɗakarwar abubuwan gani masu ƙanana. A sakamakon haka, tebur masu kyan gani yawanci suna da nauyi sosai kuma suna haɗawa da keɓewar faɗuwa da fasali a cikin tsarin su. Dayawa suna amfani da masu rarrabewar iska wanda suke aiki azaman matattarar matattarar injina, rage ikon rawar ƙasa a ƙasa don haifar da girgiza a saman tebur.
Jirgin iska: Tankin iska na iya komawa zuwa: Silinda mai nutsuwa, wanda masu amfani da ruwa suke amfani dashi don riƙe iska da sauran gas masu numfashi a matsi mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin ruwa Jirgin ruwa mai matse iska, don adana iska mai matsewa don aiki da kayan aiki kamar tsarin taka birki, masu ba da fenti da bindigogin fenti
Jirgin iska: Tankin iska na iya komawa zuwa: Silinda mai nutsuwa, wanda masu amfani da ruwa suke amfani dashi don riƙe iska da sauran gas masu numfashi a matsi mai ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin ruwa Jirgin ruwa mai matse iska, don adana iska mai matsewa don aiki da kayan aiki kamar tsarin taka birki, masu ba da fenti da bindigogin fenti
Wutar kashe wuta ta iska: Kashe wutar iska ita ce amfani da jirgin sama da sauran albarkatun iska don magance wutar daji. Nau'ikan jirgin saman da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da tsaffin jiragen sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu. Smokejumpers da rappellers suma an lasafta su a matsayin masu kashe wuta, wanda aka kawo su zuwa wuta ta hanyar laima daga nau'ikan jirgin sama masu karko, ko kuma rakewa daga helikwafta Sinadaran da ake amfani da su don yaƙi da gobara na iya haɗawa da ruwa, abubuwan haɓaka ruwa kamar kumfa da malala, da kuma musamman masu ba da wuta kamar Phos-Chek.
Wutar kashe wuta ta iska: Kashe wutar iska ita ce amfani da jirgin sama da sauran albarkatun iska don magance wutar daji. Nau'ikan jirgin saman da aka yi amfani da su sun hada da tsaffin jiragen sama da jirage masu saukar ungulu. Smokejumpers da rappellers suma an lasafta su a matsayin masu kashe wuta, wanda aka kawo su zuwa wuta ta hanyar laima daga nau'ikan jirgin sama masu karko, ko kuma rakewa daga helikwafta Sinadaran da ake amfani da su don yaƙi da gobara na iya haɗawa da ruwa, abubuwan haɓaka ruwa kamar kumfa da malala, da kuma musamman masu ba da wuta kamar Phos-Chek.
Target jan hankali: Jirgin da ake niyya jirgin sama ne wanda ke jan jirgi mara matuki, mashincin yashi ko wani nau'in manufa, don manufar bindiga ko makircin makirci. Ugsungiyoyin tarko sau da yawa sauye-sauye ne na jigilar kayayyaki da jirgin sama mai amfani, da kuma nau'ikan yaƙi na zamani. Wasu, kamar su Miles Martinet, an tsara su na musamman don rawar. Ya kasance, kuma ya kasance, aiki mai haɗari, saboda ana amfani da wuta mai rai kuma mutanen da suke harbi galibi suna cikin horo.
Umurnin iska: Umurnin taskan iska ( ATO ) hanya ce wacce Kwamandan Rundunar Sojan Sama (JFACC) ke sarrafa sojojin sama a cikin yanayin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa. ATO babban takardu ne wanda aka rubuta a Tsarin Rubutun Saƙo na Amurka (USMTF) wanda ke ba da jerin baƙin cikin iska na tsawan sa'o'i 24, tare da alamun kira na mutum, nau'in jirgin sama, da nau'ikan manufa. NATO tana amfani da tsarin rubutu daban, ".ato". ATO an ƙirƙira ta ne ta cibiyar ayyukan iska wacce ke da oda da iko don wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Musamman musamman, Sashen Shirye-shiryen Yaki na AOC shine ke da alhakin ƙirƙirar ATO, kazalika da haɗin Dokar Kula da sararin samaniya (ACO) da kuma haɗin cikakken bayani a cikin Umarnin Musamman (SPINS).
Taksi na jirgin sama: Tasi jirgin sama karamin jirgin kasuwanci ne wanda ke yin gajeren jirgi akan buƙata.
Taser: Taser wani makami ne mara cutarwa wanda ake amfani da shi don nakasa abubuwan da ake so ta hanyar girgizawa wanda hakan na dan lokaci ya lalata aikin maƙasudin zuwa matakin da zai basu damar kusantowa da kuma magance su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba kuma ta haka lafiya. Kamfanin Axon, wanda a da yake TASER International ne ke sayar da shi. Tana ƙone ƙananan ƙarfe biyu da aka yi niyyar huda fata kuma ya kasance a haɗe da abin, a ƙafa 180 a sakan ɗaya. Yankinsu ya faɗo daga ƙafa 15 don Tasaukar da Ba Amfani da Dokoki ba zuwa ƙafa 35 don LE Tasers Tsarnin suna da alaƙa da babban naúrar ta bakin waya mai jan ƙarfe kuma suna ba da wutar lantarki ta zamani wacce aka tsara don taƙaita ikon son rai na tsokoki, wanda ke haifar da "incapacitation na neuromuscular", wanda galibi ana yin kuskuren rashin sani ne daga jami'an 'yan sanda da masu kallo. Illolin na'urar Taser na iya zama kawai zafi na cikin gida ko ƙwanƙwasa doguwar tsoka mara ƙarfi, bisa yanayin amfani da haɗin mahaɗan.
Waya mara waya: Waya mara waya ko karamar waya tarho ce wacce a cikin wayoyin salula suke a hannu amma ana iya amfani da su kamar sadarwar wayar tarho, kawai tana aiki ne ta hanyar watsa mitar rediyo ba waya mai rufin jiki ba, ko layin tarho. Tashar tushe an haɗa ta da hanyar sadarwar tarho ta layin tarho kamar yadda wayar tarho take, kuma yana aiki a matsayin caja don cajin batirin wayar hannu. Yankin yana da iyaka, yawanci zuwa gini ɗaya ko ɗan gajeren nesa daga tashar tushe.
Zazzabi: Zazzabi shine adadi na zahiri wanda ke nuna zafi da sanyi. Bayyanar da makamashin zafi ne, wanda yake a cikin komai, wanda shine asalin faruwar zafi, kwararar kuzari, lokacin da jiki yake saduwa da wani wanda yafi sanyi ko zafi.
Filin jirgin sama: Tashar jirgin sama gini ne a filin jirgin sama inda fasinjoji ke canzawa tsakanin jigilar ƙasa da wuraren da ke ba su damar hawa da sauka daga jirgin sama.
Tikitin jirgin sama: Tikitin jirgin sama takarda ne ko rikodin lantarki, wanda kamfanin jirgin sama ko kamfanin tafiye-tafiye suka bayar, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa mutum yana da ikon samun kujera a jirgin sama. Tikitin jirgin sama na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan biyu: tikitin takarda , wanda ya haɗa da takardun shaida ko takardun shaida; da tikitin lantarki.
Yanayin Yanayi: Yankunan sararin samaniya yanayi ne na yanayin yanayi na lokaci zuwa lokaci. Ta hanyoyi da yawa suna kamanceceniya da igiyar ruwa. Canjin yanayi zai iya zama da farin ciki ta: Rana-dare na yau da kullun a cikin hasken rana na yanayi (insolation) Filin jan hankali na Wata Hanyoyin da ba na layi ba tsakanin raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman duniya. Saki mai ɓoyayyen sikeli mai zafi saboda zurfin haɗuwa a cikin wurare masu zafi.
Hatimi na ado Alamar hatimi ita ce kowane nau'in hatimin da ke sa abu da aka bashi iska . Kalmar asalin ana amfani da ita ne ga kwantena na gilashin da ba su da iska, amma yayin da fasaha ta ci gaba ana amfani da shi zuwa manyan nau'ikan kayan, gami da roba da robobi. Hannun kayan ado suna da mahimmanci ga daidaito da aminci aiki na yawancin kayan lantarki da kayayyakin kiwon lafiya. Amfani da fasaha, an bayyana shi tare da takamaiman hanyar gwajin da yanayin amfani.
Lokacin iska: Lokacin iska ko lokacin iska na iya komawa zuwa: Lokacin iska (watsa shirye-shirye), shima an rubuta shi "lokacin iska", wadatattun awanni don watsawa ko lokacin da aka saya don watsa shirye-shirye Lokacin iska, shima ana rubuta shi "lokacin iska", sama-sama don ayyukan yawo ta wayar hannu Lokacin iska, shima ana rubuta shi "lokacin iska", adadin airplay na rediyo don yin rikodi a cikin shahararrun kiɗa Lokacin iska (tafiye-tafiye), kuma an rubuta shi "lokacin iska", g gira masu ma'ana a cikin shagala Lokacin iska (parachuting), shima an rubuta shi "lokacin iska", lokaci kafin a buɗe parachute a cikin jirgin sama
Watsa labarai: Watsa shirye-shirye shine rarraba sauti ko abun cikin bidiyo ga masu sauraro da aka watse ta kowane hanyar sadarwa ta lantarki, amma galibi wanda ke amfani da bakan lantarki, a cikin samfurin daya-da-yawa. An fara watsa shirye-shirye ta rediyon AM, wanda ya fara amfani da shi a cikin kusan 1920 tare da yaduwar masu watsa rediyo da masu karɓa. Kafin wannan, dukkan nau'ikan sadarwa na lantarki sun kasance daya-da-daya, tare da sakon da aka yi niyya ga mai karba daya. Kalmar watsa shirye-shirye ta samo asali ne daga amfani da ita azaman hanyar noma ta shuka iri a cikin wani fili ta hanyar jefar dasu gaba daya. Daga baya an karɓa don bayanin yadda ake rarraba bayanai ta hanyar littattafan da aka buga ko ta hanyar telegraph. Misalan amfani da shi ta "watsa-daya" da yawa na watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo na tashar mutum ga masu sauraro da yawa sun bayyana a farkon 1898.
Lokacin iska: Lokacin iska ko lokacin iska na iya komawa zuwa: Lokacin iska (watsa shirye-shirye), shima an rubuta shi "lokacin iska", wadatattun awanni don watsawa ko lokacin da aka saya don watsa shirye-shirye Lokacin iska, shima ana rubuta shi "lokacin iska", sama-sama don ayyukan yawo ta wayar hannu Lokacin iska, shima ana rubuta shi "lokacin iska", adadin airplay na rediyo don yin rikodi a cikin shahararrun kiɗa Lokacin iska (tafiye-tafiye), kuma an rubuta shi "lokacin iska", g gira masu ma'ana a cikin shagala Lokacin iska (parachuting), shima an rubuta shi "lokacin iska", lokaci kafin a buɗe parachute a cikin jirgin sama
An biya wayar hannu Kayan wayar hannu wanda aka biya kafin lokaci shine wayar hannu kamar waya wacce aka siyo daraja don ci gaban sabis. Ana amfani da kuɗin da aka saya don biyan sabis na sadarwa a wurin da aka isa ko cinye sabis ɗin. Idan babu bashi, to hanyar sadarwar salula / Mai hankali hanyar sadarwa ta hana shiga. Masu amfani zasu iya ɗaukar darajar su a kowane lokaci ta amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da yawa.
Parachuting: Parachuting hanya ce ta jujjuyawa daga wani babban wuri zuwa duniya tare da taimakon nauyi, wanda ya shafi sarrafa saurin yayin gangarowa ta amfani da parachute ko parachute. Zai iya haɗawa da faɗuwa kyauta ko ƙasa da ƙasa wanda shine lokacin da ba a tura parachute ba tukuna kuma jiki yana saurin zuwa saurin gudu.
Lokacin iska (tafiye-tafiye): A cikin mahallin motsa shagala, lokacin iska , ko lokacin iska , yana nufin lokacin da mahaya abin birgewa ko wasu abubuwan hawa suke ko dai rashin nauyi ko G-sojojin mara kyau. Tare da abin nadi, ana samun lokacin iska yayin da jirgin ke tafiya akan tsauni cikin sauri.
328th amentungiyoyin Tsarin Wuta: 328th Armament Systems Wing wani reshe ne na Sojan Sama na Amurka (USAF) mara aiki. Ya kasance aiki na ƙarshe a cikin 2007, wanda aka sanya shi zuwa Cibiyar Sojan Sama, wani ɓangare na Umurnin Sojojin Sama (AFMC) a Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. An fara amfani da shi a cikin 1942 a matsayin 328th Fighter Group kuma ya yi aiki a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II a matsayin ƙungiyar horon jirgin saman yaƙi har sai da ta watse a cikin 1944 a cikin babban sake fasalin rundunar Sojan Sama.
Makami mai linzami na iska: Makami mai linzami na iska zuwa sama ( AAM ) makami ne mai linzami da aka harba daga jirgin sama da nufin lalata wani jirgin. AAMs yawanci ana amfani da su ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye da injunan roka, yawanci mai ƙoshin wuta amma wani lokacin ruwa mai ƙarawa yake. Injiniyoyin Ramjet, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a kan Meteor (makami mai linzami), suna fitowa kamar zuga wanda zai ba da damar makami mai linzami mai zuwa a nan gaba don kiyaye saurin matsakaita a cikin ambulan ɗin aikinsu.
Sadarwar iska zuwa ƙasa: Sadarwar iska daga kasa zuwa kasa ta fara samuwa ne ta hanyar ci gaba da samar da iska ta hanyar iska a cikin 1912, ba da jimawa ba sai rediyo mai hanya biyu. A Yaƙin Duniya na II, radar ya zama babban hanyar sadarwa ta iska zuwa ƙasa da iska da iska. Tun daga wannan lokacin, masu sauya fasali sun ba matukan jirgi da masu kula damar gano jiragen sama kai tsaye, suna inganta tsaron iska sosai. A kwanan nan, ban da ingantattun hanyoyin rediyo da tsarin GPS, jirgin da ba shi da matuki, ko kuma jirgi mara matuki, ya kawo sauyi a yanayin sa ido da fada.
308th amentungiyoyin Tsarin Wuta: 308th Armament Systems Wing ƙungiya ce ta Sojan Sama ta Amurka da ba ta aiki. An sanya shi a ƙarshe zuwa Cibiyar Sojan Sama, wanda aka kafa a Eglin AFB, Florida. An kashe shi a ranar 30 Yuli 2010.
Air-to-Surface jirgin ruwa radar: Radar, Jirgin Ruwa-zuwa-saman , ko radar ASV a gajarce, rarrabuwa ce da Royal Air Force (RAF) yayi amfani da ita don komawa zuwa jerin na'urorin radar da aka girka dasu wadanda ake amfani dasu wajen leka saman teku don gano jiragen ruwa da jiragen ruwa na cikin ruwa Misalai na farko sun ɓullo ne gabanin buɗe Yaƙin Duniya na II kuma sun kasance manyan kayan aiki a kan jirgin sintiri tun daga wancan lokacin. Partangare ne na rabe-raben bincike na saman ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da irin waɗannan radars a cikin ƙasa da hawa jirgi.
Yanayin janareta na yanayi: Injin janareta na sararin samaniya ( AWG ) wani inji ne wanda yake debo ruwa daga iska mai danshi. Za a iya fitar da tururin ruwa a cikin iska ta hanyar sanyawa - sanyaya iska a ƙasa da inda take da raɓa, fallasa iska ga masu lalata, ko matse iska. Ba kamar mai cire danshi ba, an tsara AWG don bayar da ruwan sha. AWGs suna da amfani a inda tsaftataccen ruwan sha yake da wahala ko kuma ba zai yuwu a samu ba, saboda kusan a koyaushe akwai ƙaramin ruwa a iska wanda za'a iya fitarwa. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da ake amfani dasu sune sanyaya da kuma cire abubuwa.
Iska-zuwa-iska: Iska-zuwa-iska na iya koma zuwa: Yaƙin iska-da-iska Makami mai linzami na iska-da-iska Hoto zuwa iska Man-iska-zuwa-iska Rokon iska-da-iska Sanyin iska zuwa iska
Kare: Fadan kare , ko yaƙin kare, yaƙi ne na sama tsakanin jirgin saman yaƙi da aka gudanar a kusa da wuri. Farkon gwagwarmaya ya fara faruwa ne a Mexico a cikin 1913, jim kaɗan bayan ƙirƙirar jirgin sama. Har zuwa akalla 1992, ya kasance wani ɓangare a cikin kowane babban yaƙi, duk da imani bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II cewa ƙara saurin gudu da makamai masu cin dogon zango zai sa tsayayyar yaƙi ta kare.
Asarar fadace-fadace tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka: Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, akwai lokuta da yawa na yaƙin iska tsakanin Soviet Union da Amurka.
Makami mai linzami na iska: Makami mai linzami na iska zuwa sama ( AAM ) makami ne mai linzami da aka harba daga jirgin sama da nufin lalata wani jirgin. AAMs yawanci ana amfani da su ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye da injunan roka, yawanci mai ƙoshin wuta amma wani lokacin ruwa mai ƙarawa yake. Injiniyoyin Ramjet, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a kan Meteor (makami mai linzami), suna fitowa kamar zuga wanda zai ba da damar makami mai linzami mai zuwa a nan gaba don kiyaye saurin matsakaita a cikin ambulan ɗin aikinsu.
Makami mai linzami na iska: Makami mai linzami na iska zuwa sama ( AAM ) makami ne mai linzami da aka harba daga jirgin sama da nufin lalata wani jirgin. AAMs yawanci ana amfani da su ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye da injunan roka, yawanci mai ƙoshin wuta amma wani lokacin ruwa mai ƙarawa yake. Injiniyoyin Ramjet, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a kan Meteor (makami mai linzami), suna fitowa kamar zuga wanda zai ba da damar makami mai linzami mai zuwa a nan gaba don kiyaye saurin matsakaita a cikin ambulan ɗin aikinsu.
Makami mai linzami na iska: Makami mai linzami na iska zuwa sama ( AAM ) makami ne mai linzami da aka harba daga jirgin sama da nufin lalata wani jirgin. AAMs yawanci ana amfani da su ta hanyar ɗaya ko fiye da injunan roka, yawanci mai ƙoshin wuta amma wani lokacin ruwa mai ƙarawa yake. Injiniyoyin Ramjet, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su a kan Meteor (makami mai linzami), suna fitowa kamar zuga wanda zai ba da damar makami mai linzami mai zuwa a nan gaba don kiyaye saurin matsakaita a cikin ambulan ɗin aikinsu.
Man fetur na iska: Man Fetur na iska , wanda kuma ake kira da mai , iska a cikin jirgi ( IFR ), mai daga iska zuwa iska ( AAR ), da tankar tanadi , hanya ce ta jigilar mai daga jirgin sama na soja zuwa wani yayin tashin jirgi. Manyan tsarin mai guda biyu sune bincike-da-drogue , wanda yafi sauki don dacewa da jirgin sama na yanzu, da kuma tashi mai tashi , wanda yake bayarda saurin mai, amma yana bukatar tashar sadaukar da kai.
Yanayin iska-da-zane: Rabon iska-da-zane shi ne adadin yawan iska da ke gudana ta cikin bututun mai karbar turbaya wanda aka raba shi da yanki gaba daya (m²) a cikin matatun. An bayyana sakamakon a raka'a saurin.
Rabon iska da mai: Yanayin iska-mai ( AFR ) shine adadin yawan iska zuwa mai ƙarfi, ruwa, ko mai mai mai wanda ke cikin tsarin ƙonewa. Combonewa na iya faruwa a cikin yanayin sarrafawa kamar a cikin injin ƙonewa na ciki ko wutar makera na masana'antu, ko na iya haifar da fashewa.
Makami mai linzami mai iska da iska: Makami mai linzami na sama zuwa sama ( ASM ) ko kuma linzamin ƙasa zuwa ƙasa ( AGM ) makami mai linzami ne wanda aka tsara don harba shi daga jirgin soji a maƙasudai na ƙasa ko na teku. Hakanan akwai bama-bamai masu shiryayye wanda ba a dauke su makamai masu linzami ba. Manyan hanyoyin turawa guda biyu na makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa sama su ne injunan roka, galibi tare da gajeren zango, da kuma jinkirin, injunan jirage masu nisan zango. Wasu makamai masu linzami da Soviet suka zana suna amfani da raguna, yana ba su duka dogon zango da sauri mai sauri.
Makami mai linzami mai iska da iska: Makami mai linzami na sama zuwa sama ( ASM ) ko kuma linzamin ƙasa zuwa ƙasa ( AGM ) makami mai linzami ne wanda aka tsara don harba shi daga jirgin soji a maƙasudai na ƙasa ko na teku. Hakanan akwai bama-bamai masu shiryayye wanda ba a dauke su makamai masu linzami ba. Manyan hanyoyin turawa guda biyu na makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa sama su ne injunan roka, galibi tare da gajeren zango, da kuma jinkirin, injunan jirage masu nisan zango. Wasu makamai masu linzami da Soviet suka zana suna amfani da raguna, yana ba su duka dogon zango da sauri mai sauri.
Makami mai linzami mai iska da iska: Makami mai linzami na sama zuwa sama ( ASM ) ko kuma linzamin ƙasa zuwa ƙasa ( AGM ) makami mai linzami ne wanda aka tsara don harba shi daga jirgin soji a maƙasudai na ƙasa ko na teku. Hakanan akwai bama-bamai masu shiryayye wanda ba a dauke su makamai masu linzami ba. Manyan hanyoyin turawa guda biyu na makamai masu linzami na iska zuwa sama su ne injunan roka, galibi tare da gajeren zango, da kuma jinkirin, injunan jirage masu nisan zango. Wasu makamai masu linzami da Soviet suka zana suna amfani da raguna, yana ba su duka dogon zango da sauri mai sauri.
Kayan aiki mai zafi: Kayan aiki na iska, kayan iska, kayan aiki mai iska ko iska mai aiki da iska irin nau'in kayan aiki ne na wuta, wanda iska mai matse iska ke kawo shi. Hakanan za'a iya sarrafa kayan aikin pneumatic ta matattarar dioxide carbon (CO2) da aka adana a cikin ƙananan silinda da ke ba da damar ɗaukar su.
Kayan aiki mai zafi: Kayan aiki na iska, kayan iska, kayan aiki mai iska ko iska mai aiki da iska irin nau'in kayan aiki ne na wuta, wanda iska mai matse iska ke kawo shi. Hakanan za'a iya sarrafa kayan aikin pneumatic ta matattarar dioxide carbon (CO2) da aka adana a cikin ƙananan silinda da ke ba da damar ɗaukar su.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurbatattun iska iri daban-daban, kamar gas, da kwayoyi, da kuma kwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan ɗan adam da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurbatattun iska iri daban-daban, kamar gas, da kwayoyi, da kuma kwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan ɗan adam da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Waƙar iska: Hanya ta iska na'urar kimiyya ce da ake amfani da ita don nazarin motsi a cikin yanayin ƙarancin rikici. Sunanta ya fito ne daga tsarinta: ana yin iska ta iska ta rami mai rami tare da ramuka masu kyau duk ta hanyar waƙar da ke ba da damar keɓaɓɓun motocin waƙoƙin iska don yin tafiya ba tare da rikici ba. Hanyoyin iska yawanci galibi suna cikin kusurwa. Karusar da ke da tushe mai kusurwa uku kuma suna dacewa sosai zuwa saman waƙar ana amfani da su don nazarin motsi a cikin mawuyacin yanayin rikici.
Jirgin jirgin sama: Jirgin -taraktan jirgin wani jirkitaccen jirgin sama ne wanda aka dauka a kan 1911-1919 Australasian Antarctic Expedition, jirgin farko da aka fara zuwa Antarctic.
Ikon zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATC ) sabis ne da masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa ke bayarwa waɗanda ke jagorantar jirgin sama a kan ƙasa da kuma ta sararin samaniya mai sarrafawa, kuma suna iya ba da sabis na ba da shawara ga jiragen sama a cikin sararin samaniyar da ba a sarrafawa ba. Babbar manufar ATC a duk duniya ita ce hana haɗuwa, tsarawa da hanzarta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da samar da bayanai da sauran tallafi ga matukan jirgin. A wasu ƙasashe, ATC na taka rawar tsaro ko ta kariya, ko kuma sojoji suna sarrafa ta.
Ikon zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATC ) sabis ne da masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa ke bayarwa waɗanda ke jagorantar jirgin sama a kan ƙasa da kuma ta sararin samaniya mai sarrafawa, kuma suna iya ba da sabis na ba da shawara ga jiragen sama a cikin sararin samaniyar da ba a sarrafawa ba. Babbar manufar ATC a duk duniya ita ce hana haɗuwa, tsarawa da hanzarta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da samar da bayanai da sauran tallafi ga matukan jirgin. A wasu ƙasashe, ATC na taka rawar tsaro ko ta kariya, ko kuma sojoji suna sarrafa ta.
Cibiyar kula da yanki: A cikin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, cibiyar kula da yanki ( ACC ), wanda aka fi sani da cibiyar ko cibiyar hanya , wuri ne da ke da alhakin kula da jirgin sama da ke shawagi a sararin samaniyar wani yanki da aka ba da bayanan jirgin sama (FIR) a wuri mai tsayi tsakanin hanyoyin jirgin sama. da kuma tashi. A Amurka, ana kiran irin wannan cibiyar azaman cibiyar kula da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ARTCC ).
Mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Kwararrun masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama , wadanda aka takaita ATCS , ma'aikata ne ke da alhakin aminci, tsari, da saurin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na duniya. Yawancin lokaci ana sanya su a cibiyoyin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da kuma hasumiya masu sarrafawa a ƙasa, suna lura da matsayi, saurin, da tsayin jirgin sama a cikin sararin samaniya da aka ba su gani da kuma ta hanyar radar, kuma suna ba da umarnin ga matukan jirgin ta rediyo. Matsayin mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama shine wanda ke buƙatar ilimi na musamman, ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewa. Masu kula suna amfani da ka'idojin rabuwa don kiyaye jirgin sama daga nesa da juna a yankinsu na ɗaukar nauyi kuma suna motsa duk jiragen sama lafiya da ƙwarewa ta hanyar sashin sararin samaniya, da kuma a ƙasa. Saboda masu kula suna da babban nauyi alhali suna kan aiki kuma suna yanke shawara na ainihi na ainihi a kullun, ana daukar aikin ATC a duk duniya a matsayin ɗayan mahimman ƙalubalen tunani, kuma yana iya zama sananne cikin damuwa dangane da yawancin masu canji. Yawancin masu sarrafawa, duk da haka, suna faɗar babban albashi, kuma babban, na musamman, da kuma gatan ikon cin gashin kai azaman manyan fa'idodin ayyukansu.
Tsarin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na radar beacon ( ATCRBS ) tsari ne da ake amfani da shi wajen kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama (ATC) don haɓaka saka idanu na radar sa ido da kuma rabuwar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama. Ya ƙunshi eriyar ƙasa mai juyawa da abubuwan fasara a cikin jirgin sama. Eriyar ƙasa tana ɗauke da madaidaiciyar katako na microwaves kewaye da sararin samaniya. Lokacin da katako ya bugi jirgin sama, mai jujjuyawar ya watsa sigar dawowa yana ba da bayanai kamar tsawo da kuma Squawk Code, lambar lambobi huɗu da aka ba kowane jirgin sama da ya shiga yanki. Bayani game da wannan jirgin ana shigar dashi cikin tsarin kuma daga baya an sanya shi zuwa allon mai kula don nuna wannan bayanin lokacin da aka tambaya. Wannan bayanin na iya hadawa da nadin lambar jirgin da kuma tsayin jirgin. ATCRBS tana taimakawa radaar sanya ido ta hanyoyin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama (ATC) ta hanyar samun bayanai game da jirgin da ake sa ido, da kuma samar da wannan bayanan ga masu kula da radar. Masu kula za su iya amfani da bayanin don gano dawowar radar daga jirgin sama da kuma rarrabe wadancan dawowa daga tarkacen kasa.
Ikon zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATC ) sabis ne da masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa ke bayarwa waɗanda ke jagorantar jirgin sama a kan ƙasa da kuma ta sararin samaniya mai sarrafawa, kuma suna iya ba da sabis na ba da shawara ga jiragen sama a cikin sararin samaniyar da ba a sarrafawa ba. Babbar manufar ATC a duk duniya ita ce hana haɗuwa, tsarawa da hanzarta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da samar da bayanai da sauran tallafi ga matukan jirgin. A wasu ƙasashe, ATC na taka rawar tsaro ko ta kariya, ko kuma sojoji suna sarrafa ta.
Mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Kwararrun masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama , wadanda aka takaita ATCS , ma'aikata ne ke da alhakin aminci, tsari, da saurin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na duniya. Yawancin lokaci ana sanya su a cibiyoyin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da kuma hasumiya masu sarrafawa a ƙasa, suna lura da matsayi, saurin, da tsayin jirgin sama a cikin sararin samaniya da aka ba su gani da kuma ta hanyar radar, kuma suna ba da umarnin ga matukan jirgin ta rediyo. Matsayin mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama shine wanda ke buƙatar ilimi na musamman, ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewa. Masu kula suna amfani da ka'idojin rabuwa don kiyaye jirgin sama daga nesa da juna a yankinsu na ɗaukar nauyi kuma suna motsa duk jiragen sama lafiya da ƙwarewa ta hanyar sashin sararin samaniya, da kuma a ƙasa. Saboda masu kula suna da babban nauyi alhali suna kan aiki kuma suna yanke shawara na ainihi na ainihi a kullun, ana daukar aikin ATC a duk duniya a matsayin ɗayan mahimman ƙalubalen tunani, kuma yana iya zama sananne cikin damuwa dangane da yawancin masu canji. Yawancin masu sarrafawa, duk da haka, suna faɗar babban albashi, kuma babban, na musamman, da kuma gatan ikon cin gashin kai azaman manyan fa'idodin ayyukansu.
Mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama (Navy na Amurka): Mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama shine kimar aikin Navy na Amurka.
Mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Kwararrun masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama , wadanda aka takaita ATCS , ma'aikata ne ke da alhakin aminci, tsari, da saurin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na duniya. Yawancin lokaci ana sanya su a cibiyoyin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da kuma hasumiya masu sarrafawa a ƙasa, suna lura da matsayi, saurin, da tsayin jirgin sama a cikin sararin samaniya da aka ba su gani da kuma ta hanyar radar, kuma suna ba da umarnin ga matukan jirgin ta rediyo. Matsayin mai kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama shine wanda ke buƙatar ilimi na musamman, ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewa. Masu kula suna amfani da ka'idojin rabuwa don kiyaye jirgin sama daga nesa da juna a yankinsu na ɗaukar nauyi kuma suna motsa duk jiragen sama lafiya da ƙwarewa ta hanyar sashin sararin samaniya, da kuma a ƙasa. Saboda masu kula suna da babban nauyi alhali suna kan aiki kuma suna yanke shawara na ainihi na ainihi a kullun, ana daukar aikin ATC a duk duniya a matsayin ɗayan mahimman ƙalubalen tunani, kuma yana iya zama sananne cikin damuwa dangane da yawancin masu canji. Yawancin masu sarrafawa, duk da haka, suna faɗar babban albashi, kuma babban, na musamman, da kuma gatan ikon cin gashin kai azaman manyan fa'idodin ayyukansu.
Ungiyar lerswararrun Masu Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama (1968): Professionalungiyar Trawararrun Masu Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama ko PATCO ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki daga 1968 har zuwa sake fasalin ta a 1981 biyo bayan yajin aikin ba bisa doka ba wanda Gwamnatin Reagan ta karya.
Ungiyar lerswararrun Masu Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama (1968): Professionalungiyar Trawararrun Masu Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama ko PATCO ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki daga 1968 har zuwa sake fasalin ta a 1981 biyo bayan yajin aikin ba bisa doka ba wanda Gwamnatin Reagan ta karya.
Ungiyar lerswararrun Masu Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama (1968): Professionalungiyar Trawararrun Masu Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama ko PATCO ƙungiyar ƙwadago ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi aiki daga 1968 har zuwa sake fasalin ta a 1981 biyo bayan yajin aikin ba bisa doka ba wanda Gwamnatin Reagan ta karya.
Ikon zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATC ) sabis ne da masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa ke bayarwa waɗanda ke jagorantar jirgin sama a kan ƙasa da kuma ta sararin samaniya mai sarrafawa, kuma suna iya ba da sabis na ba da shawara ga jiragen sama a cikin sararin samaniyar da ba a sarrafawa ba. Babbar manufar ATC a duk duniya ita ce hana haɗuwa, tsarawa da hanzarta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da samar da bayanai da sauran tallafi ga matukan jirgin. A wasu ƙasashe, ATC na taka rawar tsaro ko ta kariya, ko kuma sojoji suna sarrafa ta.
Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Gudanar da zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATFM ) ƙa'ida ce ta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama don kauce wa wuce tashar jirgin sama ko ikon kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama wajen kula da zirga-zirga, da kuma tabbatar da cewa ana amfani da damar da ke akwai yadda ya kamata.
Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATM ) lokaci ne na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama wanda ya ƙunshi dukkan tsarin da ke taimakawa jirgin sama ya tashi daga filin jirgi, sararin samaniya, ya sauka a filin saukar jirgin sama, gami da Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama (ATC), Sabis ɗin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama (ATS), Gudanar da sararin samaniya ( ASM), da kuma Gudanar da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama da Gudanar da Iko (ATFCM).
Matsalar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Matsalar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama tsari ne mai tsayi wanda zai iya sanya haɗarin jirgin sama cikin haɗari. Dole ne a sanya alamun cikas na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a mafi yawan lokuta tare da alamun launuka masu launin ja da fari kuma tare da fitilun gargaɗin jirgin sama da dare. A kan manyan tsari ana buƙatar fitilu masu walƙiya. Misali na matsalar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama shine hasumiyar sarrafa zirga-zirgar jiragen sama.
Ma'aikatan lantarki masu tsaro na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Ma'aikatan lantarki masu kiyaye lafiyar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATSEP ) lokaci ne na Organizationungiyar Aviationasa ta Aviationasa ta Civilasa don injiniyoyin lantarki da ke da hannu tare da ƙirƙirawa da tallafawa kayan aikin lantarki da ke ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tallafawa kewayawar iska da kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama.
Sabis ɗin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: A cikin jirgin sama, sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATS ) sabis ne wanda ke tsarawa da taimakawa jirgin sama a ainihin lokacin don tabbatar da ayyukansu na aminci. Musamman, ATS shine: hana haɗuwa tsakanin jirgin sama; ba da shawara game da aminci da ingantaccen aikin jirgin sama; gudanar da kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama cikin tsari; sanar da kungiyoyin da abin ya shafa da kuma taimakawa a ayyukan bincike da ceto.
Sabis ɗin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: A cikin jirgin sama, sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATS ) sabis ne wanda ke tsarawa da taimakawa jirgin sama a ainihin lokacin don tabbatar da ayyukansu na aminci. Musamman, ATS shine: hana haɗuwa tsakanin jirgin sama; ba da shawara game da aminci da ingantaccen aikin jirgin sama; gudanar da kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama cikin tsari; sanar da kungiyoyin da abin ya shafa da kuma taimakawa a ayyukan bincike da ceto.
Ikon zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ( ATC ) sabis ne da masu kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na ƙasa ke bayarwa waɗanda ke jagorantar jirgin sama a kan ƙasa da kuma ta sararin samaniya mai sarrafawa, kuma suna iya ba da sabis na ba da shawara ga jiragen sama a cikin sararin samaniyar da ba a sarrafawa ba. Babbar manufar ATC a duk duniya ita ce hana haɗuwa, tsarawa da hanzarta zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, da samar da bayanai da sauran tallafi ga matukan jirgin. A wasu ƙasashe, ATC na taka rawar tsaro ko ta kariya, ko kuma sojoji suna sarrafa ta.
Rundunar Sojan Sama: The Air Training Corps ( ATC ) ƙungiya ce ta Biritaniya da ƙungiyar matasa masu aikin soja. Ma'aikatar Tsaro da Royal Air Force ne ke daukar nauyin su. Yawancin ma'aikata masu ba da agaji ne, kuma wasu ana biyan su don aiki na cikakken lokaci - gami da Commandant Air Cadets, babban jami'in RAF mai cikakken wa'adi, a matsayin Air Commodore. Kodayake yawancin ma'aikatan ATC sun ci gaba da shiga RAF ko wasu ayyuka, ATC ba ƙungiya ce ta ɗaukar ma'aikata don hidimar iyayenta ba.
AirTran Airways: AirTran Airways wani kamfanin jirgin saman Amurka ne mai arha wanda asalinsa yana da hedkwata a Orlando, Florida kuma ya daina aiki biyo bayan sayan sa da kamfanin Southwest Airlines.
AirTran Airways: AirTran Airways wani kamfanin jirgin saman Amurka ne mai arha wanda asalinsa yana da hedkwata a Orlando, Florida kuma ya daina aiki biyo bayan sayan sa da kamfanin Southwest Airlines.
Jerin wuraren zirga-zirgar jiragen sama: Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2020, Jirgin saman shakatawa na Kanada Air Transat yana ba da waɗannan wurare masu zuwa:
Jirgin sama: Jirgin sama shine ayyukan da ke kewaye da jirgin sama da masana'antar jirgin sama. Jirgin sama ya hada da tsayayyun fuka-fukai da nau'ikan juzu'i-fuka-fukai, fukafukai masu sassarfa, gawarwakin da ba sa dauke da fika-fikai, da kuma kere-keren iska-sama-da-kasa kamar ballon iska mai iska da iska.
Yarjejeniyar safarar iska: Yarjejeniyar safarar jiragen sama yarjejeniya ce ta bangarori biyu don ba da damar sabis na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci na ƙasa tsakanin masu sanya hannu.
Tasirin muhalli na jirgin sama a Kingdomasar Ingila: Tasirin muhallin jirgin sama a cikin Burtaniya na karuwa saboda karuwar bukatar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a cikin kasar. A cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata masana'antar safarar jiragen sama ta Burtaniya sun ga ci gaba mai dorewa, kuma ana hasashen musamman bukatar zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta fasinja zai ninka sama da ninki biyu, zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 465, nan da shekarar 2030. Filin jirgin sama biyu; London Heathrow da London Gatwick, suna daga cikin manyan filayen jirgin sama guda goma a duniya don zirga-zirgar fasinjojin ƙasa da ƙasa. Duk da yake fiye da rabin dukkan fasinjojin da ke tafiya ta jirgin sama a cikin Burtaniya a halin yanzu suna tafiya ta filayen jirgin saman guda biyar na Landan, filayen jiragen sama na yanki sun sami ci gaba mafi girma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, saboda nasarar kamfanonin jiragen sama na' ba-frills 'a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata.
Tarihin jirgin sama: Tarihin jirgin sama ya tsawaita sama da shekaru dubu biyu, daga farkon siffofin jirgin sama kamar kites da yunƙurin haurawa zuwa hasumiya zuwa jirgi mai ƙarfi da iska mai ƙarfi fiye da iska.