Air pollution in South Korea, Environmental issues in Southern Africa, Environmental issues in Sri Lanka

Gurbatar iska a Koriya ta Kudu: Gurbatar iska a Koriya ta Kudu ya zama wata babbar barazana ga mutane da muhalli. Gurbatar iska ta fito ne daga tushe da yawa, na gida da na duniya. Yawancin nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi sun karu a Koriya ta Kudu tun bayan masana'antar ta da sauri, musamman a Seoul da sauran biranen. A cewar, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Seoul yana ɗaya daga cikin biranen duniya da ke da mummunar gurɓatar iska. Daga 2009 zuwa 2013, Pm 10 na garin ya fi na yawancin manyan biranen duniya kamar: Los Angeles, Tokyo, Paris, da London. An kuma kiyasta cewa ingancin iska ya kai kimanin kashi 16 na mace-macen yankin Seoul Metropolitan a cikin shekarar 2010. Wannan ya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da na muhalli. 'Yan Koriya sun sayi abin rufe fuska da na'urar sanyaya iska domin shakar iska mai tsafta, kuma suna kokarin rage hayakin da kasar ke fitarwa.
Batutuwan muhalli a Kudancin Afirka: Akwai batutuwan muhalli da dama a Kudancin Afirka , kamar canjin yanayi, kasa, ruwa, sare itatuwa, lalacewar kasa, da gurbatar yanayi. Yankin Kudancin Afirka kanta, ban da Afirka ta Kudu, yana samar da ƙarancin hayaƙin carbon amma yana karɓar tasirin canjin yanayi wanda ke tattare da canje-canje a yanayin hazo, yanayin yanayi mai tsananin gaske da yanayin zafi. Ta hanyar ƙoƙari na kasancewa tare da ƙasashe masu tasowa da ƙoƙarin biyan buƙatu masu yawa na ƙaruwar jama'a, Kudancin Afirka ta ƙare da albarkatun ta masu yawa wanda ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli. Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, da kuma samarwa sune ginshiƙan tattalin arzikinsu, kuma wannan yankin ya zama mai dogaro da waɗannan albarkatun. Ci gaba da lalacewa da rashin kulawa da albarkatun kasa ya haifar da Kudancin Afirka zuwa jihar inda suke.
Batutuwan muhalli a Sri Lanka: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Sri Lanka sun haɗa da gandun daji da yawa da tozarta mangroves, da murjani da ƙasa. Gurɓatar iska da gurɓatar ruwa kalubale ne ga Sri Lanka tunda duka suna haifar da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya. Yawan kamun kifi da rashin isassun kula da shara, musamman a yankunan karkara, na haifar da gurbatar muhalli. Har ila yau, Sri Lanka tana da rauni ga tasirin sauyin yanayi kamar abubuwan da suka shafi yanayin yanayi da hauhawar matakin teku.
Geography na Switzerland: Yanayin ƙasar Switzerland ya ƙunshi fasalin ƙasa na Switzerland, ƙasar da ke da tsaunuka da ƙasa da ke Yammaci da Tsakiyar Turai. Yankin yanayin ƙasar Switzerland yayi alama da tabkuna masu yawa da tsaunuka. Kasashe 5 ne suka kewaye ta: Austria da Liechtenstein ta gabas, Faransa ta yamma, Italia ta kudu da kuma Jamus a arewa. Switzerland tana da matsakaicin iyakar arewa zuwa kudu na kilomita 220 (140 mi) da kuma gabas da yamma na kusan kilomita 350 (mil 220).
Gurbatar iska a Taiwan: Gurɓatar iska a cikin Taiwan galibi ana samunsa ne daga tushen konewa na cikin gida, da farko ana ƙona mai. An lura da yadda yanayin yanayin kasar ta Taiwan ya kasance yana taimakawa wajen matsalar gurbatar iska, wanda ke haifar da rashin watsewa da kuma kama masu gurɓatarwa. Taipei, babban birnin Taiwan kuma birni mafi girma a misali, yana kewaye da tsaunuka, kuma sauran cibiyoyin masana'antu tare da arewaci da yammacin tekun suna kewaye da manyan tsaunuka.
Tangshan: Tangshan birni ne na bakin teku, babban lardin masana'antu a arewa maso gabashin lardin Hebei. Tana yankin gabashin lardin Hebei da kuma arewa maso gabashin yankin Arewacin China. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar Bohai Rim kuma tana aiki azaman babban hanyar masarufi zuwa arewa maso gabas. Birnin yana fuskantar Tekun Bohai a kudu, tsaunukan Yan a arewa, Qinhuangdao a hayin Kogin Luan zuwa gabas, da Tianjin zuwa yamma.
Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Tehran: Tehran, babban birnin Iran, na fama da tsananin gurɓatar iska, kuma tana kusa da manyan lamuran kuskure guda uku, yayin da ta kasance yanki mafi yawan jama'a a ƙasar. Jami'an sun kirkiro da hanyoyin karfafa gwiwa don karfafawa kusan 'yan kasar miliyan 5 su bar garin. A ranar 16 ga Disamba, 2019 Tehran ta sami mafi girman adadin gurɓatar iska na 181.
Batutuwan muhalli a Thailand: Babban ci gaban tattalin arzikin Thailand ya haifar da batutuwan muhalli da yawa. Kasar na fuskantar matsaloli ta iska, raguwar yawan namun daji, sare bishiyoyi, zaizayar kasa, karancin ruwa, da kuma matsalar sharar gida. Dangane da mai nuna alama na 2004, farashin gurɓataccen iska da ruwa ga ƙasar yana auna kimanin kimanin 1.6-2.6% na GDP a shekara. Saboda haka, haɓakar tattalin arzikin Thailand ta kasance mai tsada sosai ta lalacewar mutanenta da muhallinsu.
Batutuwan muhalli a Toronto: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a cikin Toronto sun ƙunshi duk waɗannan damuwar da damar da yanayin Toronto ya gabatar. Da yawa suna da illa, kamar gurɓatar iska da ruwa, yayin da wasu dalilai ne da abubuwan more rayuwa na birni kamar manyan hanyoyi da sabis na sufuri na jama'a suka rinjayi su. Sakamakon yawan jama'ar garin, ana samar da shara mai yawa kowace shekara.
Gurbatar iska a Turkiyya: Gurbatar iska a Turkiyya shine mafi hatsarin lamuran muhallin kasar, tare da matakai a duk fadin kasar sama da ka'idojin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Kimanin mutane 30,000 ne ke mutuwa a kowace shekara daga cututtukan da ke da nasaba da gurɓatar iska; wannan ya nuna kusan kashi 8% na mutuwar ƙasar. Masu binciken sun kiyasta cewa rage gurbatacciyar iska zuwa iyakan Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya zai kare sau bakwai na rayukan da suka salwanta a hatsarin ababen hawa a shekarar 2017.
Ulaanbaatar: Ulaanbaatar , wanda a baya yake jin haushi kamar, Ulan Bator , shi ne babban birni kuma babban birni na Mongolia. Birnin ba wani yanki bane na kowane yanki (lardin), kuma yawan jama'arta ya zuwa shekara ta 2014 ya haura miliyan 1.3, kusan rabin yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Karamar hukumar tana tsakiyar tsakiyar Mongolia a tsawan kusan mita 1,300 (4,300 ft) a kwarin da ke Kogin Tuul. Ita ce ƙasar ta al'adu, masana'antu da tattalin arziƙin ƙasa, cibiyar cibiyar sadarwar Mongolia kuma an haɗa ta da layin dogo zuwa hanyar Trans-Siberian Railway da ke Rasha da tsarin layin China.
Geography na Uzbekistan: Uzbekistan ƙasa ce ta Asiya ta Tsakiya, wacce ke arewacin Turkmenistan da Afghanistan. Tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 447,000, Uzbekistan ya faɗi kilomita 1,425 (885 mi) daga yamma zuwa gabas da kuma 930 km (580 mi) daga arewa zuwa kudu. Iyakar Turkmenistan zuwa kudu maso yamma, Kazakhstan zuwa arewa, da Tajikistan da Kyrgyzstan a kudu da gabas.
Batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam: Batutuwan muhalli a Vietnam suna da yawa kuma sun bambanta. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga sakamakon yakin Vietnam, kuma saboda saurin masana'antu na Vietnam biyo bayan sake fasalin tattalin arziki a 1986 da ake kira Doi Moi, da sauran dalilai. Dangane da yanayin muhalli na 2001 wanda gwamnati ta wallafa, manyan batutuwan sun hada da lalacewar kasa, lalacewar gandun daji, asarar halittu masu yawa, gurbatar ruwa, gurbatacciyar iska da kuma kula da shara. A kwanan nan, an kara canjin yanayi a matsayin babbar damuwa saboda ana ɗaukar Vietnam a matsayin ɗayan mawuyacin tasiri game da canjin yanayi bisa ga binciken Bankin Duniya a 2007.
Windsor, Saskatchewan: Windsor birni ne, da ke a yankin kudu maso yammacin Ontario, a Kanada, a kudancin gefen Kogin Detroit kai tsaye daga Detroit, Michigan, na Amurka. Ana zaune a cikin Esasar Essex, ita ce birni mafi ƙanƙanci a Kanada kuma yana nuna ƙarshen kudu maso yamma na Quebec City – Windsor Corridor. Yawan garin ya kasance 217,188 a kidayar shekarar 2016, yana mai da shi birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a kudu maso yammacin Ontario, bayan London da Kitchener. Yankin biranen Detroit – Windsor shine yankin Arewacin Amurka mafi yawan rikice-rikice na kan iyakoki, kuma ƙetare iyakar Ambasada Bridge shine mashigar kasuwanci mafi hadari akan iyakar Kanada-Amurka.
Wrocław: Wrocław birni ne, da ke a kudu maso yammacin Poland, kuma birni ne mafi girma a yankin tarihi na Silesia. Tana kwance a gabar Kogin Oder a cikin Silesian Lowlands na Tsakiyar Turai, kimanin kilomita 350 (mi mi 220) daga Tekun Baltic zuwa arewa da kilomita 40 (25 mi) daga tsaunin Sudeten zuwa kudu. Adadin hukuma na Wrocław a cikin 2020 ya kasance 643,782, tare da ƙarin miliyan 1.25 da ke zaune a cikin babban birni.
Batutuwan muhalli a Wyoming: Jihar Wyoming ta Amurka tana fuskantar tarin batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli wanda ya samo asali daga sauyin muhalli da suka hada da gabatar da nau'ikan halittu, da ke fuskantar hatsari, canjin yanayin duniya, da hakar albarkatun kasa. Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haifar da lahani na mahallin muhalli ga gandun daji da nau'ikan halittun da ke kiran Wyoming gida. A tsakanin kungiyoyin jihohi da gwamnatoci suna aiki don yaƙar waɗannan barazanar muhalli tare da dawo da daidaito ga ilimin halittu. Wannan labarin yayi bayani dalla-dalla game da manyan bala'o'in muhalli a cikin jihar yayin da kuma ke bayyana matakan da kananan hukumomi, kungiyoyi, da kungiyoyi ke dauka don hana afkuwar bala'i a nan gaba.
Zhengzhou: Zhengzhou ita ce babban birni kuma mafi girma a lardin Henan a tsakiyar yankin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Ana zaune a tsakiyar tsakiyar Henan, yana ɗaya daga cikin theasashe na Nationalasa ta Tsakiya a cikin Sin, cibiyar tsakiyar Yankin insasa, kuma tana matsayin cibiyar siyasa, tattalin arziki, fasaha, da ilimi na lardin. Yankin babban birnin Zhengzhou shine babban yankin Yankunan Tattalin Arziki.
Lafiya a Zimbabwe: `` Zimbabwe kasa ce da ke yaki da cututtuka da dama kuma tsarin kiwon lafiyar su ya inganta. Sun sami damar yakar cututtukan cututtuka masu karfi.
Gurɓatar iska a British Columbia: Gurbatar iska abin damuwa ne a British Columbia , Kanada saboda illolin sa ga lafiya da gani. Ingancin iska yana tasiri a cikin British Columbia (BC) ta hanyar jerin tsaunuka da kwari da yawa, wanda ke rikitar da watsawar gurɓataccen yanayi kuma zai iya haifar da yawan abubuwan gurɓataccen abubuwa kamar ƙamshin ƙwayar hayaƙin itace.
Gurbatar yanayi a California: Gurbatar yanayi a Kalifoniya ya danganta da irin gurbatar yanayi da iska, da ruwa, da kuma kasar ta Kalifoniya. Ana bayyana gurbatar yanayi azaman ƙari na kowane abu ko kowane nau'i na makamashi ga mahalli a cikin sauri fiye da yadda za a iya tarwatsa shi, narke shi, bazuwar shi, sake sarrafa shi, ko adana shi cikin wasu nau'ikan cutarwa. Haɗuwa da manyan abubuwa guda uku sune sababin sanannun matakan gurɓatar iska a cikin Kalifoniya: ayyukan mutane sama da miliyan 39, wani yanki mai tsaunuka da ke kama gurɓataccen yanayi, da yanayi mai dumi wanda ke taimakawa samar da ozone da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa. Takwas daga cikin birane goma a Amurka tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke tattare da zagaye na shekara tsakanin 2013 da 2015 suna cikin Kalifoniya, kuma bakwai daga cikin birane goma na Amurka tare da mafi munin gurɓataccen ozone suma suna cikin Kalifoniya. Nazarin ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi a California yana da alaƙa da batutuwan kiwon lafiya da yawa, ciki har da asma, kansar huhu, rikitowar haihuwa, da kuma saurin mutuwa. A cikin 2016, Bakersfield, California sun sami matsayi mafi girma na gurɓataccen iska a kowane birni a Amurka.
Gurbatar iska a Hongkong: Gurɓatar iska a cikin Hong Kong ana ɗaukarta a matsayin babbar matsala. Ganuwa bai wuce kilomita takwas ba na kaso 30 cikin 100 na shekara. Yanayin asma da cututtukan da suka shafi bronchial sun yi tashin gwauron zabi a cikin recentan shekarun nan saboda ƙarancin iska.
Gurbatar iska a Macau: Gurɓatar iska a cikin Macau ana ɗaukarsa babbar matsala. Yanayin asma da cututtukan da suka shafi bronchial sun yi tashin gwauron zabi a cikin recentan shekarun nan saboda ƙarancin iska.
Yanayin Tarayyar Turai: Yanayin Tarayyar Turai : Yarjejeniyar Bonn Shirin Canjin Yanayi na Turai Kula da Bayanai kan Muhalli Darakta-Janar na Muhalli Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai Kwamishinan Turai na Muhalli Yankunan kare Tarayyar Turai
Daular Inland: Masarautar Inland ( IE ) babban yanki ne da yanki a Kudancin Kalifoniya, kusa da kusa da Los Angeles. Ya haɗa da biranen yammacin Riverside County da kudu maso yammacin San Bernardino County, kuma wani lokacin ana ɗaukarsa ya haɗa da ƙauyukan hamada na Coachella da Victor Valleys, bi da bi a ɗaya gefen wasu gefen San Gorgonio Pass da tsaunukan San Bernardino daga rafin Santa Ana River. wanda ya samar da yawancin Daular Inland; ma'ana mafi fadi ta hada da dukkan kananan hukumomin Riverside da San Bernardino. Hadadden yankin kananan hukumomin daular Inland ya fi jihohin Amurka goma girma - West Virginia, Maryland, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Vermont, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Connecticut, Delaware da Rhode Island - kuma ya ɗan zama ƙasa da yankin da aka haɗu na karshe biyar.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Philippines: Haɗarin da Philippines ke nunawa ga masifu na asali saboda wurin shi ne. Kasancewarta ƙasa wacce take kwance a Ringungiyar Wuta ta Pacific, tana da saurin girgizar ƙasa da fashewar dutsen mai fitad da wuta. Bugu da kari, kasar tana zagaye da manyan ruwa kuma tana fuskantar tekun Pacific inda ake yin kashi 60% na guguwa a duniya. Daya daga cikin mahaukaciyar guguwar da ta afkawa kasar Philippines a shekarar 2013 ita ce mahaukaciyar guguwar Haiyan, ko "Yolanda," wacce ta kashe sama da mutane 10,000 tare da lalata dukiya ta sama da tiriliyan tiriliyan daya da lalata bangarori daban-daban. Sauran matsalolin muhalli da kasar ke fuskanta sun hada da gurbatar yanayi, hakar ma'adanai ba bisa ka'ida ba, sare bishiyoyi, kamun kifi mai motsa jiki, zaizayar kasa, zaizayar bakin teku, bacewar namun daji, dumamar yanayi da canjin yanayi.
Batutuwan muhalli a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa: Kalubalen muhalli a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa (UAE) ana haifar da su ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun kasa, karuwar yawan jama'a cikin sauri, da kuma bukatar makamashi mai karfi. Ci gaba da hauhawar yanayin zafin duniya wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na UAE, fari, hauhawar matakin teku da ƙarancin ruwa. Countryasar UAE, wanda ke da kyakkyawar ƙasar busasshiyar ƙasa, ƙarancin ruwan sama, da yanayin zafi mai tsananin yanayi sun riga suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na dogon lokaci. Wannan sharadin yana da matukar rauni ga tasirin canjin yanayi kuma yana taimakawa wajen kara karancin ruwa, inganci, da gurbataccen ruwa.
Gurɓatar iska a cikin Kingdomasar Ingila: Gurbatar iska a cikin Burtaniya an daɗe ana ɗaukar mahimmin batun kiwon lafiya. Yankuna da yawa, gami da manyan biranen kamar London ana samun su da mahimmanci kuma akai-akai sama da matakan doka da kuma shawarar. Gurbatar iska a Burtaniya shine babban dalilin cututtuka kamar asma, cututtukan huhu, bugun jini, da cututtukan zuciya, kuma an kiyasta yana haifar da mutuwar dubu arba'in kowace shekara, wanda yake kusan 8.3% na mace-macen, yayin da ake kashe kusan fam biliyan 40 kowace shekara.
Gurɓatar iska a Amurka: Gurbatar iska ita ce gabatar da sinadarai, kayan kwayar halitta, ko kayan nazarin halittu a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke haifar da lahani ko rashin jin daɗi ga mutane ko wasu ƙwayoyin halitta, ko lalata tsarin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya gami da cututtuka, canjin halayya, cutar daji, gabobin jiki, da saurin mutuwa. Ba a rarraba wadannan illolin kiwon lafiya daidai a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka; akwai bambance-bambancen da ke cikin jama'a ta hanyar kabilanci, kabila, yanayin tattalin arziki, da ilimi. Gurbatar iska ya shafi Amurka tun farkon juyin juya halin Masana'antu.
Kwarin Meziko: Kwarin Meziko wani tsaunuka ne mai tsayi a tsakiyar Meziko kusan ƙauye tare da garin Mexico na yau da gabashin gabashin Mexico. Kewayen tsaunuka da duwatsu masu aman wuta, kwarin Mexico ya kasance cibiya don yawancin wayewar kai kafin Columbian, gami da Teotihuacan, Toltec, da Aztec. Tsohon kalmar Aztec Anahuac da kalmar Basin ta Mexico duk ana amfani dasu a wasu lokuta don komawa zuwa kwarin Mexico. Basin na Mexico ya zama sanannen rukunin yanar gizo wanda ya bayyana yanayin farkon al'adun gargajiya na Mesoamerican kuma.
Ürümqi: Ürümqi ko Urumchi , da a takaice Wushi , wanda a da ake kira Dihua ko Tihwa , shi ne babban birnin jihar Xinjiang Uyghur mai cin gashin kanta a can arewa maso yammacin Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Ürümqi ya kasance babbar cibiya kan hanyar siliki a lokacin daular Tang ta kasar Sin kuma ya inganta sunansa a matsayin babbar cibiyar al'adu da kasuwanci a lokacin daular Qing a karni na 19.
Shafin ingancin iska: Hukumomin gwamnati suna amfani da ma'aunin ingancin iska ( AQI ) don sadarwa ga jama'a yadda gurbatacciyar iska take a halin yanzu ko kuma yadda ake hasashen gurbatar ta. Haɗarin lafiyar jama'a yana ƙaruwa yayin da AQI ke haɓaka. Countriesasashe daban-daban suna da alamun ingancin iska, wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin ingancin iska daban-daban na ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sune Ingantaccen Ingancin Lafiyar Sama (Kanada), Fuskan Gurɓata Iskokin (Malesiya), da Manufofin Kayayyakin Kazanta (Singapore).
Dokar muhalli: Dokar muhalli kalma ce ta gama gari wacce ta ƙunshi bangarorin doka waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga mahalli. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa amma keɓaɓɓun tsarin tsarin mulki, wanda yanzu ke da tasirin gaske game da ƙa'idodin shari'ar muhalli, suna mai da hankali ga gudanar da takamaiman albarkatun ƙasa, kamar su gandun daji, ma'adanai, ko kamun kifi. Sauran yankuna, kamar kimanta tasirin muhalli, ƙila ba za su dace da kowane fanni ba, amma duk da haka mahimman mahimmancin dokokin muhalli ne.
Dokar muhalli: Dokar muhalli kalma ce ta gama gari wacce ta ƙunshi bangarorin doka waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga mahalli. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa amma keɓaɓɓun tsarin tsarin mulki, wanda yanzu ke da tasirin gaske game da ƙa'idodin shari'ar muhalli, suna mai da hankali ga gudanar da takamaiman albarkatun ƙasa, kamar su gandun daji, ma'adanai, ko kamun kifi. Sauran yankuna, kamar kimanta tasirin muhalli, ƙila ba za su dace da kowane fanni ba, amma duk da haka mahimman mahimmancin dokokin muhalli ne.
Dokar muhalli: Dokar muhalli kalma ce ta gama gari wacce ta ƙunshi bangarorin doka waɗanda ke ba da kariya ga mahalli. Abubuwan da ke da alaƙa amma keɓaɓɓun tsarin tsarin mulki, wanda yanzu ke da tasirin gaske game da ƙa'idodin shari'ar muhalli, suna mai da hankali ga gudanar da takamaiman albarkatun ƙasa, kamar su gandun daji, ma'adanai, ko kamun kifi. Sauran yankuna, kamar kimanta tasirin muhalli, ƙila ba za su dace da kowane fanni ba, amma duk da haka mahimman mahimmancin dokokin muhalli ne.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Tsarin fitarwa na abin hawa: Matakan fitarwa sune ƙa'idodin doka waɗanda ke jagorantar gurɓataccen iska da aka saki cikin yanayi. Matakan watsawa sun sanya iyakokin adadi akan adadin halal na takamaiman iska mai guba wanda za'a iya fito dashi daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman lokaci. An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaitattun darajar iska da kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da ƙasashe daban-daban suna da mizanai daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa.
Tsarin fitarwa na abin hawa: Matakan fitarwa sune ƙa'idodin doka waɗanda ke jagorantar gurɓataccen iska da aka saki cikin yanayi. Matakan watsawa sun sanya iyakokin adadi akan adadin halal na takamaiman iska mai guba wanda za'a iya fito dashi daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman lokaci. An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaitattun darajar iska da kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da ƙasashe daban-daban suna da mizanai daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa.
Mai firikwensin iska: Na'urorin auna iska sune na'urori wadanda suke lura da kasancewar gurbatacciyar iska a yankin da ke kewaye da ita. Ana iya amfani dasu don yanayin ciki da waje. Ana iya gina waɗannan na'urori masu auna sigina a gida, ko saya daga wasu masana'antun. Kodayake akwai na'urori masu auna sigina masu gurɓata iska, wasu kuma suna da ƙwarewa a wasu fannoni, mafiya yawa suna mai da hankali ne akan abubuwa biyar: ozone, ƙwayoyin cuta, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da nitrous oxide. Hakanan masu auna firikwensin suna da tsada sosai a da, amma tare da ci gaban fasaha wadannan na'urori masu auna sigina sun zama masu saukin kudi da yaduwa ko'ina cikin jama'a. Waɗannan na'urori masu auna firikwensin na iya taimaka wajan amfani da dalilai da yawa kuma suna iya kawo hankali ga al'amuran muhalli fiye da ƙimar idanun ɗan adam.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Nau'in polymer na iska A: Nau'in polymer mai iska A , wanda aka siyar dashi a ƙarƙashin sunan mai suna ExEm Foam , magani ne don gano asalin bututun mahaifa (buɗewa) a cikin mata sanannu ko waɗanda ake zargi da rashin haihuwa. An amince da amfani da shi a cikin Amurka a cikin Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019.
Gwanin popcorn: A popcorn mai yi ne mai na'urar amfani da pop pop. Tun zamanin da, popcorn ya kasance sanannen abinci mai ciye-ciye, wanda aka samar ta hanyar haɓakar fashewar ƙwayayen masara mai zafi. Charles Cretors ne ya ƙirƙira manyan masana'antun keɓaɓɓun kayan masarufi a ƙarshen karni na 19. Yawancin nau'ikan ƙananan hanyoyin gida don noman masara suma suna nan.
Filin jirgin sama: Filin jirgin sama filin jirgin sama ne tare da fadada wurare, galibi don jigilar jiragen sama na kasuwanci. Filin jirgin sama galibi yana da wurare don yin kiliya da kulawa da jirgin sama, da hasumiyar sarrafawa. Filin jirgin sama ya ƙunshi yanki na sauka, wanda ya ƙunshi buɗe sararin samaniya mai sauƙi wanda ya haɗa da aƙalla ƙasa mai aiki mai aiki kamar hanyar saukar jirgin sama don tashi da sauka ko helipad, kuma galibi ya haɗa da gine-ginen masu amfani kusa da su kamar hasumiyoyin kulawa, hangars da tashoshi. Manyan filayen jirgin sama na iya samun atamfa na filin jirgin sama, gadoji masu hawa hanya, cibiyoyin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, wuraren fasinjoji kamar gidajen cin abinci da wuraren shakatawa, da sabis na gaggawa. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman Amurka, filayen jiragen sama galibi suna da ɗaya ko fiye masu aiki da tsayayyen aiki, suna ba da zirga zirgar jiragen sama.
Jirgin Sama (Disambiguation): Jirgin Sama na iya komawa zuwa: Air Post, kamfanin jigilar kaya ne na New Zealand Jirgin Sama, wuri ne a cikin wasan bidiyo Kya: Layin Duhu Mataimakin Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama na RAF
Dioscorea bulbifera: Dioscorea bulbifera wani nau'in yam ne na gaskiya a cikin yam yam, Dioscoreaceae. Asali ne na Afirka, Asiya da arewacin Ostiraliya. An noma shi sosai kuma ya zama mai wayewa a yankuna da yawa.
Lilioceris cheni: Lilioceris cheni , bishiyar ganyen dankalin turawa , wani nau'in kwaro ne a cikin jinsin halittar Lilioceris wanda ke ciyar da shuke-shuke dankalin iska. Dankalin iska da ƙwaro duk asalin ƙasar Asiya ne amma an gabatar da su a wasu wurare. Shuke-shuke dankalin turawa nau'ikan nau'ikan cutarwa ne da ake samu a ko'ina cikin Florida, kuma masana kimiyyar halittu ne suka gabatar da beet din a shekarar 2012 a Florida don taimakawa shawo kan yaduwar dankalin iska.
Airpower: Airpower ko iska ikon kunshi da aikace-aikace na soja jirgin sama, soja da dabarun da kuma dabarun da ka'idar don ta mulkin m yaki da kusa iska goyon baya. Airpower ya fara ne tun farkon bayyanar jirgin sama a farkon karni na 20. Airpower yana wakiltar "rikitaccen yanayin aiki wanda aka gabatar da muhawara mai yawa". Koyarwar Biritaniya ta ayyana ikon iska a matsayin "ikon aiwatar da iko daga iska da sararin samaniya don tasiri halin mutane ko yanayin abubuwan da ke faruwa." Kwarewar Ostiraliya game da Ikon Sama ta ayyana Airpower kamar yadda ya ƙunsa Sarrafa iska, Yajin aiki, Kula da Leken Asiri da Sake Ganowa, da Matsayin Motsa Jiragen Sama.
Hamarfin wuta: Hawararriyar guduma ita ce guduma masu ƙera abubuwa masu amfani da tushen murfin ba murza ba don ɗaga shirin guduma zuwa bugawa, da kuma hanzarta shi akan aikin da ake bugarwa. Har ila yau ana kiransa "Open Die Power Forging Hammers." Maƙerin maƙera, masu yin katako, da baƙin ƙarfe, da masana'antun sun yi amfani da su tun daga ƙarshen 1880s, suna maye gurbin guduma.
Tarihin ikon iska: Tarihin ikon iska reshe ne na tarihin soji wanda ke nazari da kuma ba da labarin ayyukan sojojin sama da na sauran kungiyoyi, gami da rassan jiragen sama na sojojin ruwa da na ruwa, wadanda ke gudanar da jirgin saman soja. Yana da mahimmanci ilimin ga ƙwararrun mayaƙan jirgin sama kuma ana koyar dashi ba kawai a makarantun sojojin sama da kwamanda da kwalejojin ma'aikata ba, har ma a makarantun haɗin gwiwa da kwalejoji. Hakanan ana koyar da shi a yawancin jami'o'in farar hula, a al'adance a sassan tarihi.
Jirgin iska mai matsawa: Motar iska mai matsawa-iska ce mai amfani da iska wacce take amfani da motar da iska mai matse iska take aiki. Ana iya amfani da motar kawai ta iska, ko a haɗa shi da mai, dizal, ethanol, ko kuma injin lantarki tare da yin birki na sake sabuntawa.
Hyperonic XLC: Hypersonic XLC wani birni ne mai birgima wanda yake a Kings Dominion a Doswell, Virginia. Kamfanin S&S Worldwide, kamfanin da ya ƙware a cikin iska mai amfani da iska, ya gina Hypersonic, kuma shi ne farkon matattarar iska mai ƙarfi a duniya. Hypersonic shine ainihin samfurin S&S a duk duniya don ƙaddamar da iska, wanda ake kira Thrust Air 2000 .
Hyperonic XLC: Hypersonic XLC wani birni ne mai birgima wanda yake a Kings Dominion a Doswell, Virginia. Kamfanin S&S Worldwide, kamfanin da ya ƙware a cikin iska mai amfani da iska, ya gina Hypersonic, kuma shi ne farkon matattarar iska mai ƙarfi a duniya. Hypersonic shine ainihin samfurin S&S a duk duniya don ƙaddamar da iska, wanda ake kira Thrust Air 2000 .
Air preheater: Preheater na iska shine duk wani kayan aiki da aka ƙera don zafin iska a gaban wani tsari (misali, ƙonewa a cikin tukunyar jirgi Tare da maƙasudin farko na haɓaka ƙimar yanayin aikin. Ana iya amfani da su shi kaɗai ko maye gurbin tsarin zafin jiki mai sake dawowa ko maye gurbin wani murfin tururi
Yanayin sararin samaniya: Matsalar sararin samaniya , wanda aka fi sani da matsin lamba na barometric , shine matsin cikin cikin yanayin Duniya. Matsakaicin yanayi yanki ne na matsin lamba wanda aka bayyana azaman 101,325 Pa, wanda yayi daidai da 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inci Hg , ko 14.696 psi. Yanayin sararin samaniya yayi daidai da matsakaicin matsin yanayi na duniya a duniya, ma'ana, matsin yanayi na duniya a matakin teku yakai kusan 1 AT.
Barometer: Barometer kayan aikin kimiyya ne wanda ake amfani dashi don auna karfin iska a wani yanayi. Halin matsin lamba na iya yin hasashen canje-canje na gajeren lokaci a cikin yanayin. Ana amfani da ma'aunai da yawa na matsa iska a cikin nazarin yanayin yanayi don taimakawa gano ɗakunan ruwa na sama, tsarin matsi da iyakokin gaba.
Ruwan iska mai matse iska: Na'urar kashe ruwa mai matse iska ( APW ) nau'ikan kashe wuta ne wanda ke amfani da ruwan talakawa (H 2 O) don kashe wuta. Ana watsa ruwan ta iska ta yau da kullun (yanayi), an matsa shi a cikin abin kashewa. Ana kuma san su da kalmar wuce gona da iri ta ruwa . Kodayake yana tasiri ne kawai a gobara Class A, suna da fa'idodi na rashin tsada don ginawa da kulawa, kuma ba barin ragowar sinadarai na musamman lokacin amfani dashi.
Mai ba da labari (aeronautics): A cikin sararin samaniya , wani attajiri , wanda kuma ake kira da iska , ya canza jujjuya motsi daga injin ko wata hanyar samar da wuta zuwa wani yawo wanda yake turawa gaba ko baya. Ya ƙunshi matattarar iska mai juyawa, wanda aka haɗa shi da ruwan wukake da dama na radial kamar yadda dukkanin taron suke juyawa game da doguwar hanya. Ila ana iya gyara farar ruwa, da hannu da sauƙi zuwa wasu setan matsayin da aka saita, ko na mai saurin sauyawa "saurin-sauri".
Zuga: Propionion shine aiki ko tsari na turawa ko jan hankali don ciyar da abu gaba. Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Latin biyu: pro , ma'ana kafin ko zuwa gaba ; kuma pellere , ma'ana tuki . Tsarin motsa jiki ya ƙunshi tushen ƙarfin inji, da mai motsawa .
Wamos Air: Wamos Air , a da Pullmantur Air , kamfanin jirgin sama na Spain ne da ke da hedikwata a Madrid. Galibi tana yin zirga-zirgar jirage ne, da yawa daga cikinsu a madadin 'yar'uwar kamfanin Pullmantur Cruises daga babban sansaninta da ke Adolfo Suárez Madrid – Barajas Airport. Ya zuwa na 2016, yana da kashi 81% na kamfanin Springwater Capital da 19% na Royal Caribbean Cruises.Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta yi hayar kamfanin Wamos Air 747 sau da yawa don dawo da Britishan Burtaniya da ke Wuhan, China da Japan yayin annobar COVID-19.
Iska famfo: Fanfon iska fanfo ne na tura iska. Misalan sun hada da famfon keken hawa, fanfunan da ake amfani da su don auna akwatin kifaye ko kandami ta hanyar iska ta iska; mai amfani da iskar gas da ake amfani dashi don amfani da kayan aiki na iska, ƙaho na iska ko ɓangaren bututu; bellow da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙarfafa wuta; injin tsabtace ruwa da injin fanfo. Duk fanfunan iska suna dauke da wani bangare wanda yake motsawa wanda yake tafiyar da iskar iska. Lokacin da iska ke motsawa, ana ƙirƙirar yanki na ƙananan matsa lamba wanda ke cika sama da iska mai yawa.
Tsarin tsabtace iska: Ana amfani da tsarin tsabtace iska don watsa kayan aikin sarrafa wutar lantarki tare da iska mai tsabta kafin kunna shi. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa aikin kayan aikin bai cutu ko lalacewar abubuwan gurɓataccen yanayi ba.
Iska tsarkakewa: An iska purifier ko iska tsabtace ne a na'urar da kawar da abin gurɓatawa daga cikin iska a wani dakin don inganta na cikin gida ingancin iska. Ana sayar da waɗannan na'urori don amfaninsu ga masu fama da cutar alerji da masu cutar asma, kuma a rage ko kawar da hayaƙin taba sigari.
Iska tsarkakewa: An iska purifier ko iska tsabtace ne a na'urar da kawar da abin gurɓatawa daga cikin iska a wani dakin don inganta na cikin gida ingancin iska. Ana sayar da waɗannan na'urori don amfaninsu ga masu fama da cutar alerji da masu cutar asma, kuma a rage ko kawar da hayaƙin taba sigari.
Iska tsarkakewa: An iska purifier ko iska tsabtace ne a na'urar da kawar da abin gurɓatawa daga cikin iska a wani dakin don inganta na cikin gida ingancin iska. Ana sayar da waɗannan na'urori don amfaninsu ga masu fama da cutar alerji da masu cutar asma, kuma a rage ko kawar da hayaƙin taba sigari.
Yanayin Duniya: Yanayin duniya shine yanayin iskar gas, wanda akafi sani da iska , wanda nauyin duniya ya tsare shi, yana kewaye da duniyar tamu kuma yana samar da yanayin duniya. Yanayin duniya yana kare rayuwa a duniya ta hanyar haifar da matsi da zai baiwa ruwa mai rai damar wanzuwa a doron duniya, shan iska mai amfani da hasken rana, da dumama yanayi ta hanyar kiyaye zafin rana, da rage tsananin zafin jiki tsakanin dare da rana.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Ingancin iska da dokokin EU: Tun a ƙarshen 1970s, manufar Tarayyar Turai (EU) ita ce ta haɓaka da fitar da matakan da suka dace don inganta ingancin iska a duk cikin EU. Kula da fitar da abubuwa daga hanyoyin wayar salula, inganta ingancin mai da ingantawa da hade bukatun kare muhalli a bangaren sufuri da makamashi na daga cikin wadannan manufofin.
Ka'idodin Ingancin Amasa na :asa: Ka'idodin Ingancin Nationalabi'ar Nationalasa na USasar Amurka suna da iyakancewa kan haɗakar gurɓatattun abubuwa guda shida waɗanda ke haifar da hayaƙi, ruwan sama na acid, da sauran haɗarin lafiya. An kafa ta ta Agencyungiyar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) a ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Tsabtace iska, ana amfani da NAAQS don iska ta waje a ko'ina cikin ƙasar.
Jagoran ingancin iska: Jagorar ingancin iska ita ce jagorar tattara hankali na shekara-shekara don ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta daga fromungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, wanda aka sabunta kwanan nan a cikin 2005 kuma aka buga shi a 2006. Sharuɗɗan 2005 suna ba da jagora game da gurɓataccen iska huɗu: ƙwayoyin cuta (PM), ozone (O 3 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) da sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ). WHO ta fara fitar da jagororin ingancin iska ne a shekarar 1987, sannan daga baya aka sabunta su a shekarar 1997. Rahotannin sun ba da jagororin da ke da nufin rage illolin da gurbatacciyar iska ke haifarwa ga lafiyar su. Jagoran ya nuna cewa PM2.5 bai wuce 10 μg / m 3 ma'anar shekara ba, ko 25 μg / m 3 24-hour ma'ana; da kuma cewa PM10 bazai wuce 20 μg / m 3 ma'anar shekara-shekara, ko 50 μg / m 3 matsakaicin sa'a 24 ba. Don ozone (O 3 ), jagororin suna ba da ƙimar da ba ta wuce 100 μg / m 3 don ma'anar awanni 8 ba. Don nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), jagororin sun saita 40 μg / m 3 don ma'anar shekara ko 200 μg / m 3 don ma'anar 1-hour. Don sulfur dioxide (SO2), jagororin sun ƙayyade ƙididdigar da ba ta wuce 20 μg / m 3 24-hour ma'ana ko 500 μg / m 3 mintina 10 na ma'ana.
Beijing: Beijing , a madadin romaniyanci kamar Peking , babban birni ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Ita ce babban birni mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 21 a cikin yankin yankin 16,410.5 km 2 . Tana cikin Arewacin China, kuma ana mulkinta azaman karamar hukuma ƙarƙashin jagorancin kai tsaye na Majalisar Jiha tare da gundumomin birane, birane, da karkara 16. Beijing galibi yana kewaye da lardin Hebei ban da makwabta Tianjin da ke kudu maso gabas; tare, bangarorin ukun sun hada da Jingjinji megalopolis da babban yankin kasar Sin.
Gurbatar iska a Delhi: Ingancin iska a Delhi, babban yankin ƙasar Indiya, a cewar wani bincike na WHO na biranen duniya 1,650, shi ne mafi munin kowane babban birni a duniya. Hakanan yana shafar gundumomin da ke kusa da Delhi. Gurbatacciyar iska a Indiya an kiyasta kashe kusan mutane miliyan 2 a kowace shekara; ita ce ta biyar mafi girman kisa a Indiya. Indiya ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan mutuwa daga cututtukan da suka shafi numfashi da kuma asma, a cewar WHO. A cikin Delhi, iska mara kyau mara inganci yana lalata huhun miliyan 2.2 ko kashi 50 na yara duka.
Ingancin iska a Utah: Ingancin iska a cikin Utah galibi shine mafi munin cikin Amurka. Rashin ingancin iska a cikin Utah saboda yanayin yanayin tsaunuka wanda zai iya haifar da gurɓatattun abubuwa su gina kusa da farfajiyar haɗe da yaɗuwar hayaki daga motocin mai da man dizal, musamman tsofaffin samfura. Ingona man itacen don dumama gida na iya taimakawa sosai ga ƙarancin iska. Gidajen da aka zafafa da itace suna ba da gudummawar kusan sau 3000 na yawan gurɓata kamar gidajen da ake dumama da iskar gas. Kimanin kashi 50% na gurɓatar iska a cikin gundumar Salt Lake daga motocin suke.
Shafin ingancin iska: Hukumomin gwamnati suna amfani da ma'aunin ingancin iska ( AQI ) don sadarwa ga jama'a yadda gurbatacciyar iska take a halin yanzu ko kuma yadda ake hasashen gurbatar ta. Haɗarin lafiyar jama'a yana ƙaruwa yayin da AQI ke haɓaka. Countriesasashe daban-daban suna da alamun ingancin iska, wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin ingancin iska daban-daban na ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sune Ingantaccen Ingancin Lafiyar Sama (Kanada), Fuskan Gurɓata Iskokin (Malesiya), da Manufofin Kayayyakin Kazanta (Singapore).
Dokar ingancin iska: Dokokin ingancin iska suna kula da fitar da gurɓataccen iska cikin yanayi. Keɓaɓɓen rukuni na dokokin ingancin iska suna tsara ƙimar iska a cikin gine-gine. Dokokin ingancin iska galibi an tsara su musamman don kare lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar iyakance ko kawar da abubuwan da ke gurɓata iska. Sauran shirye-shiryen an tsara su ne don magance matsalolin muhalli mafi girma, kamar iyakance akan sinadarai waɗanda ke shafar tsarin ozone, da shirye-shiryen cinikin hayaki don magance ruwan sama na acid ko canjin yanayi. Effortsoƙarin ƙa'idoji sun haɗa da ganowa da kuma rarrabe gurɓatattun iska, sanya iyaka a kan matakan hayakin da ake yarda da shi, da faɗin fasahohi masu dacewa ko masu dacewa.
Gurɓatar iska a cikin Kingdomasar Ingila: Gurbatar iska a cikin Burtaniya an daɗe ana ɗaukar mahimmin batun kiwon lafiya. Yankuna da yawa, gami da manyan biranen kamar London ana samun su da mahimmanci kuma akai-akai sama da matakan doka da kuma shawarar. Gurbatar iska a Burtaniya shine babban dalilin cututtuka kamar asma, cututtukan huhu, bugun jini, da cututtukan zuciya, kuma an kiyasta yana haifar da mutuwar dubu arba'in kowace shekara, wanda yake kusan 8.3% na mace-macen, yayin da ake kashe kusan fam biliyan 40 kowace shekara.
Samfurin watsawa na yanayi: Samfurin watsawa na yanayi shine kwaikwayon lissafi na yadda gurɓatattun iska ke watsuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ana aiwatar dashi tare da shirye-shiryen komputa waɗanda suka haɗa da algorithms don magance ƙididdigar lissafi wanda ke kula da watsawar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana amfani da samfuran watsawa don kimanta ƙarancin iska mai gurɓata iska ko gubobi da ake fitarwa daga tushe kamar shuke-shuke na masana'antu, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ko fitowar sinadarin bazata. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dasu don yin hango nunin abubuwan da zasu zo nan gaba a ƙarƙashin takamaiman al'amuran. Sabili da haka, su ne manyan nau'ikan samfurin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tsara manufofin ingancin iska. Suna da amfani sosai ga gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda aka tarwatsa su a kan manyan wurare kuma hakan na iya amsawa a cikin yanayi. Ga masu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ga nazarin ilimin annoba ana amfani da samfuran sake amfani da ƙididdigar ƙasa.
Samfurin watsawa na yanayi: Samfurin watsawa na yanayi shine kwaikwayon lissafi na yadda gurɓatattun iska ke watsuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ana aiwatar dashi tare da shirye-shiryen komputa waɗanda suka haɗa da algorithms don magance ƙididdigar lissafi wanda ke kula da watsawar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana amfani da samfuran watsawa don kimanta ƙarancin iska mai gurɓata iska ko gubobi da ake fitarwa daga tushe kamar shuke-shuke na masana'antu, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ko fitowar sinadarin bazata. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dasu don yin hango nunin abubuwan da zasu zo nan gaba a ƙarƙashin takamaiman al'amuran. Sabili da haka, su ne manyan nau'ikan samfurin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tsara manufofin ingancin iska. Suna da amfani sosai ga gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda aka tarwatsa su a kan manyan wurare kuma hakan na iya amsawa a cikin yanayi. Ga masu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ga nazarin ilimin annoba ana amfani da samfuran sake amfani da ƙididdigar ƙasa.
Bayanin iska: Bayanin iska , wanda kuma ake kira quotes na yatsa , alamomin ambaton kamala ne wanda aka kirkira a cikin iska tare da yatsun mutum lokacin magana. Ana yin wannan yawanci tare da hannaye biyu ana riƙe faɗin kafada baya kuma a ido ko kafadun mai magana, tare da manuniya da yatsun tsakiya a kowane hannu suna juyawa a farkon da ƙarshen jimlar da aka nakalto. Jumlar da aka ambata da iska ita ce - a cikin abin da aka fi amfani da shi - gajere ne, aƙalla mafi yawan kalmomi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ƙididdigar iska don bayyana raini, izgili, izgili ko jituwa, da sauransu, kuma suna da kwatankwacin maganganun tsoratarwa a cikin bugawa.
Bayanin iska: Bayanin iska , wanda kuma ake kira quotes na yatsa , alamomin ambaton kamala ne wanda aka kirkira a cikin iska tare da yatsun mutum lokacin magana. Ana yin wannan yawanci tare da hannaye biyu ana riƙe faɗin kafada baya kuma a ido ko kafadun mai magana, tare da manuniya da yatsun tsakiya a kowane hannu suna juyawa a farkon da ƙarshen jimlar da aka nakalto. Jumlar da aka ambata da iska ita ce - a cikin abin da aka fi amfani da shi - gajere ne, aƙalla mafi yawan kalmomi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da ƙididdigar iska don bayyana raini, izgili, izgili ko jituwa, da sauransu, kuma suna da kwatankwacin maganganun tsoratarwa a cikin bugawa.
Gudun iska: Gasar iska wani nau'in filin jirgi ne wanda ya hada da jiragen sama ko wasu nau'ikan jirgin sama wadanda ke gasa a kan tsayayyen tafarki, tare da wanda ya yi nasara ko dai ya dawo mafi kankantar lokacin, wanda zai kammala shi da mafi yawan maki, ko kuma ya zo kusa da wani lokacin da aka kiyasta a baya .
Gudun iska: Gasar iska wani nau'in filin jirgi ne wanda ya hada da jiragen sama ko wasu nau'ikan jirgin sama wadanda ke gasa a kan tsayayyen tafarki, tare da wanda ya yi nasara ko dai ya dawo mafi kankantar lokacin, wanda zai kammala shi da mafi yawan maki, ko kuma ya zo kusa da wani lokacin da aka kiyasta a baya .
Gudun iska: Gasar iska wani nau'in filin jirgi ne wanda ya hada da jiragen sama ko wasu nau'ikan jirgin sama wadanda ke gasa a kan tsayayyen tafarki, tare da wanda ya yi nasara ko dai ya dawo mafi kankantar lokacin, wanda zai kammala shi da mafi yawan maki, ko kuma ya zo kusa da wani lokacin da aka kiyasta a baya .
Fushin iska: Fushin iska rikici ne ko halayyar tashin hankali daga ɓangaren fasinjoji da ma'aikatan jirgin sama, musamman yayin tashi. Fushin iska gabaɗaya ya shafi duka halayen fasinja wanda wataƙila sakamakon ilimin lissafi ko tunani ne da ke tattare da balaguron jirgin sama, kuma lokacin da fasinja ya zama mai taurin kai, fushi, ko tashin hankali a cikin jirgin sama yayin jirgi. Yawan shan giya da fasinjoji ke yawan yi shi ne musabbabin hakan.
Harin iska: Harin iska na iya komawa zuwa:
Airstrike: An harin, iska yajin ko iska hari ne m aiki da za'ayi ta jirgin sama. Ana kai hare-hare ta sama daga jiragen sama kamar su sama, balan-balan, mayaka, masu tayar da bama-bamai, jirgin sama na kasa, jirage masu saukar ungulu da marasa matuka. Ma'anar hukuma ta hada da dukkan nau'ikan hari, gami da makircin iska, amma a sanannen amfani ana yawan takaita kalmar zuwa wani dabara (karami) kai hari kan kasa ko makasudin ruwan teku sabanin mafi girma, babban hari kamar carpet. jefa bom. Makamai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin harin sama na iya zuwa daga bindigogi masu amfani da wuta kai tsaye da bindigogi masu linzami, rokoki da makamai masu linzami na sama zuwa sama, zuwa nau'ikan bama-bamai na sama, tashin bamabamai masu linzami, jiragen ruwa masu linzami, makamai masu linzami, har ma da makamai masu ƙarfi. kamar lasers.
Harin iska: Harin iska na iya komawa zuwa:
Rigakafin Jirgin Sama a Burtaniya: Rigakafin Jirgin Sama ( ARP ) yana nufin kungiyoyi da jagororin da yawa a cikin dedicatedasar Ingila waɗanda aka keɓe don kare fararen hula daga haɗarin hare-haren iska. Ganin gwamnati game da matakan kariya daga iska ya karu a cikin 1920s da 30s, tare da Raid Wardens 'Service da aka kafa a 1937 don bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan fashewar bam. Kowace karamar hukuma ce ke da alhakin shirya masu kula da kayan ARP, manzanni, direbobin motar daukar marasa lafiya, jam'iyyun ceto, da kuma hulda da 'yan sanda da jami'an kashe gobara.
Piledriver (kokawar ƙwararru): Mai tarawa kwararren direban kokawa ne wanda motsawar ya kama abokin karawar sa, ya juyar da su juye-juye, sannan ya fada cikin zama ko durkusawa, yana tuka abokin adawar kai-tsaye cikin tabarmar. Fasahar ance Wild Bill Longson ne ya kirkireshi.
Tashin hankali: Boma-bamai dabarun dabarun soja ne da aka yi amfani da su a cikin yaƙi baki ɗaya tare da manufar fatattakar abokan gaba ta hanyar lalata ɗabi'arta, ikon tattalin arzikinta na samarwa da jigilar kayan masarufi zuwa wuraren wasan kwaikwayon ayyukan soja, ko duka biyun. Hannun tsari ne wanda aka tsara kuma aka aiwatar daga iska wanda zai iya amfani da manyan bama-bamai, makamai masu linzami na dogon lokaci ko matsakaita, ko jirgin sama mai ɗauke da makaman nukiliya don kai hari kan maƙasudin da ake ganin yana da mahimmanci ga ikon yaƙi.
Air hari laifi: A cikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka laifin kai hari ta sama yana nufin wani mummunan shiri ne wanda masu koyarwa kamar su Mike Leach, Hal Mumme, Sonny Dykes, da Tony Franklin suka yada a lokacin da suke aikinsu a Jami'ar Iowa Wesleyan, Jihar Valdosta, Kentucky, Oklahoma, Texas Tech, Louisiana Tech, da kuma Washington State.
Harin jirgin sama akan Bari: Harin iska a kan Bari hari ne na sama da 'yan bama-bamai na Jamus suka kaiwa sojojin kawance da jigilar kaya a cikin Bari, Italiya, a ranar 2 ga Disamba 1943, yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Matasan Jumhuriyar Jumgen din Ju 88 Ju-Lu bam-bam na Luftflotte 2 sun sami mamaki da kuma jefa bama-bamai da ma'aikatan da ke aiki don tallafawa Yakin Tallan na Kawancen Italiya, inda suka nutsar da dakon kaya 27 da jiragen ruwa, da kuma wani dan kwale-kwale, a tashar jirgin ruwan ta Bari.
Kai hari kan Broome: Garin Broome, Yammacin Ostiraliya, jiragen yakin Japan sun kai hari a ranar 3 ga Maris 1942, lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Akalla fararen hula 88 da jami'an sojan kawancen aka kashe.
Harin jirgin sama a Frascati: Harin jirgin sama na jiragen saman USAAF a kan Frascati , wani gari mai tarihi kusa da Rome, Italiya, an yi shi a ranar 8 ga Satumba 1943. gari.
Harin Bam na Fukuoka: Sojojin Sama na Sojan Amurka Boeing B-29 Superfortress da ke dauke da manyan bama-bamai sun auka wa garin Fukuoka na kasar Japan a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1945. Wannan aikin ya kasance wani bangare na hare-haren Jirgin Sama na Japan, kuma ya lalata kashi 21.5 na garin. B-29s kuma sun jefa ma'adinai na ruwa a kusa da tashar Fukuoka a lokuta bakwai tsakanin Mayu da Yulin 1945, kuma jirgin saman yakin Amurkan ya kai hari sau biyu.
Harin Bam na Heilbronn a Yaƙin Duniya na II: A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Sojojin Sama na Burtaniya da Sojojin Sama na Amurka sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a garin Heilbronn na Jamusawa sau da yawa. Harin sama mafi girma ya faru ne a ranar 4 ga Disamba, 1944, amma an yi niyya da Heilbronn sau da yawa kafin da bayan har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II. Gabaɗaya, kimanin mazauna garin 7,000 suka rasa rayukansu yayin tashin bama-bamai.
Rigakafin Jirgin Sama a Burtaniya: Rigakafin Jirgin Sama ( ARP ) yana nufin kungiyoyi da jagororin da yawa a cikin dedicatedasar Ingila waɗanda aka keɓe don kare fararen hula daga haɗarin hare-haren iska. Ganin gwamnati game da matakan kariya daga iska ya karu a cikin 1920s da 30s, tare da Raid Wardens 'Service da aka kafa a 1937 don bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan fashewar bam. Kowace karamar hukuma ce ke da alhakin shirya masu kula da kayan ARP, manzanni, direbobin motar daukar marasa lafiya, jam'iyyun ceto, da kuma hulda da 'yan sanda da jami'an kashe gobara.
Jirgin sama na iska: Gidajen kai hari ta sama , tsari ne na kariya ga wadanda ba mayaka ba da kuma masu yaki da harin makiya daga iska. Sun yi kama da bunkers a cikin gaisuwa da yawa, kodayake ba a tsara su don kare kai wa ƙasa hari ba.
Jirgin sama na iska: Gidajen kai hari ta sama , tsari ne na kariya ga wadanda ba mayaka ba da kuma masu yaki da harin makiya daga iska. Sun yi kama da bunkers a cikin gaisuwa da yawa, kodayake ba a tsara su don kare kai wa ƙasa hari ba.
Tsaron farar hula: Siren kare farar hula wata sira ce da ake amfani da ita don bayar da gargaɗin yawan gaggawa ga jama'a game da fuskantar haɗari. Wani lokaci ana sake sauti don nuna haɗarin ya wuce. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu siren don kiran sashen kashe gobara lokacin da ake buƙata. Da farko an tsara shi ne don fadakar da mazauna birni game da hare-haren iska a yakin duniya na II, daga baya aka yi amfani da su don yin gargadi game da harin nukiliya da halaye masu lalacewar yanayi kamar guguwa. Yanayin siren siradi ya sa yawancin su aka maye gurbinsu da takamaiman gargaɗi, irin su Tsarin Faɗakarwar Gaggawa na watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye da kuma Aleararrawar Gaggawar Mara waya ta Wuta da keɓaɓɓiyar wayar tarho da EU-Alert mobile mobile.
Tsaron farar hula: Siren kare farar hula wata sira ce da ake amfani da ita don bayar da gargaɗin yawan gaggawa ga jama'a game da fuskantar haɗari. Wani lokaci ana sake sauti don nuna haɗarin ya wuce. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu siren don kiran sashen kashe gobara lokacin da ake buƙata. Da farko an tsara shi ne don fadakar da mazauna birni game da hare-haren iska a yakin duniya na II, daga baya aka yi amfani da su don yin gargadi game da harin nukiliya da halaye masu lalacewar yanayi kamar guguwa. Yanayin siren siradi ya sa yawancin su aka maye gurbinsu da takamaiman gargaɗi, irin su Tsarin Faɗakarwar Gaggawa na watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye da kuma Aleararrawar Gaggawar Mara waya ta Wuta da keɓaɓɓiyar wayar tarho da EU-Alert mobile mobile.
Rigakafin Jirgin Sama a Burtaniya: Rigakafin Jirgin Sama ( ARP ) yana nufin kungiyoyi da jagororin da yawa a cikin dedicatedasar Ingila waɗanda aka keɓe don kare fararen hula daga haɗarin hare-haren iska. Ganin gwamnati game da matakan kariya daga iska ya karu a cikin 1920s da 30s, tare da Raid Wardens 'Service da aka kafa a 1937 don bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan fashewar bam. Kowace karamar hukuma ce ke da alhakin shirya masu kula da kayan ARP, manzanni, direbobin motar daukar marasa lafiya, jam'iyyun ceto, da kuma hulda da 'yan sanda da jami'an kashe gobara.
Tsaron farar hula: Siren kare farar hula wata sira ce da ake amfani da ita don bayar da gargaɗin yawan gaggawa ga jama'a game da fuskantar haɗari. Wani lokaci ana sake sauti don nuna haɗarin ya wuce. Hakanan ana amfani da wasu siren don kiran sashen kashe gobara lokacin da ake buƙata. Da farko an tsara shi ne don fadakar da mazauna birni game da hare-haren iska a yakin duniya na II, daga baya aka yi amfani da su don yin gargadi game da harin nukiliya da halaye masu lalacewar yanayi kamar guguwa. Yanayin siren siradi ya sa yawancin su aka maye gurbinsu da takamaiman gargaɗi, irin su Tsarin Faɗakarwar Gaggawa na watsa shirye-shiryen watsa shirye-shirye da kuma Aleararrawar Gaggawar Mara waya ta Wuta da keɓaɓɓiyar wayar tarho da EU-Alert mobile mobile.
Harin iska: Harin iska na iya komawa zuwa:
Air Tigers: Air Tigers reshen sama ne na 'yan tawayen Liberation Tigers na Tamil Eelam (LTTE), waɗanda suka yi amfani da shi a kan Gwamnatin Sri Lanka. Kodayake kasancewar Air Tigers ya kasance batun jita-jita na shekaru da yawa, an bayyana wanzuwar reshe ne kawai bayan kai hari a watan Maris na 2007, yayin Eelam War IV.
Harin iska a kan Japan: Dakarun kawancen sun kai hare-hare ta sama da yawa kan Japan yayin yakin duniya na II, wanda ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga biranen kasar tare da kashe mutane tsakanin 241,000 zuwa 900,000. A cikin shekarun farko na Yaƙin Pasifik waɗannan hare-haren an iyakance su ne ga Doolittle Raid a watan Afrilu 1942 da ƙananan hare-hare kan mukaman soja a Tsibirin Kuril daga tsakiyar 1943. Hare-haren bama-bamai dabaru sun fara ne a watan Yunin 1944 kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin a watan Agusta 1945. Sojojin ruwan kawancen haɗin gwiwa da jiragen sama na yaƙi na ƙasa sun kai hari Japan yayin 1945.
Harin iska a kan Ostiraliya, 1942–43: Tsakanin watan Fabrairun 1942 da Nuwamba 1943, a lokacin Yaƙin Pacific na Yaƙin Duniya na II, babban yankin Australiya, sararin samaniyar cikin gida, tsibirin teku da jiragen ruwa da ke bakin ruwa an kaiwa hari aƙalla sau 111 ta jirgin sama daga Forcearfin Sojan Sama na Japan da na Sojan Sama na Japan. Wadannan hare-haren sun zo ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban; daga manyan hare-hare ta matsakaiciyar bama-bamai, zuwa hare-haren ɓarke ​​a kan jiragen ruwa, da kuma ɓata jirgin da mayaƙa ke yi.
Harin iska a kan Ostiraliya, 1942–43: Tsakanin watan Fabrairun 1942 da Nuwamba 1943, a lokacin Yaƙin Pacific na Yaƙin Duniya na II, babban yankin Australiya, sararin samaniyar cikin gida, tsibirin teku da jiragen ruwa da ke bakin ruwa an kaiwa hari aƙalla sau 111 ta jirgin sama daga Forcearfin Sojan Sama na Japan da na Sojan Sama na Japan. Wadannan hare-haren sun zo ne ta hanyoyi daban-daban; daga manyan hare-hare ta matsakaiciyar bama-bamai, zuwa hare-haren ɓarke ​​a kan jiragen ruwa, da kuma ɓata jirgin da mayaƙa ke yi.
Harin Darwin: Harin Bom din Darwin , wanda kuma aka fi sani da yakin Darwin , a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1942 shi ne hari mafi girma guda daya da kasashen waje suka kai wa Ostiraliya. A wannan ranar, jiragen saman Japan 242, a cikin hare-hare biyu daban-daban, sun kai hari kan garin, jiragen ruwa a tashar jirgin Darwin da filayen saukar jiragen sama biyu na garin a kokarin hana Allies amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin da za su fafata da mamayewar Timor da Java yayin yakin duniya na II. .
Harin Darwin: Harin Bom din Darwin , wanda kuma aka fi sani da yakin Darwin , a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1942 shi ne hari mafi girma guda daya da kasashen waje suka kai wa Ostiraliya. A wannan ranar, jiragen saman Japan 242, a cikin hare-hare biyu daban-daban, sun kai hari kan garin, jiragen ruwa a tashar jirgin Darwin da filayen saukar jiragen sama biyu na garin a kokarin hana Allies amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin da za su fafata da mamayewar Timor da Java yayin yakin duniya na II. .
Harin iska a Hongkong: Sojojin Sama na Amurka da Navy na Amurka sun kai hare-hare da yawa kan Hong Kong da Japan ta mamaye da jigilar kaya kusa da garin yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Australiya ta shiga cikin kokarin sanya ma'adinan ruwa a yankin Hong Kong. Waɗannan hare-haren sun fara ne a cikin 1942. A cikin 1945 an sanya ta cikin babban harin Tekun Kudancin China. Jirgin saman Jirgin Ruwa na Burtaniya ma ya kai hari kan jiragen ruwan kashe kansa na Japan a Hongkong a matsayin wani bangare na sake mamaye mulkin mallaka a karshen watan Agusta 1945.
Harin iska a kan Japan: Dakarun kawancen sun kai hare-hare ta sama da yawa kan Japan yayin yakin duniya na II, wanda ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga biranen kasar tare da kashe mutane tsakanin 241,000 zuwa 900,000. A cikin shekarun farko na Yaƙin Pasifik waɗannan hare-haren an iyakance su ne ga Doolittle Raid a watan Afrilu 1942 da ƙananan hare-hare kan mukaman soja a Tsibirin Kuril daga tsakiyar 1943. Hare-haren bama-bamai dabaru sun fara ne a watan Yunin 1944 kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin a watan Agusta 1945. Sojojin ruwan kawancen haɗin gwiwa da jiragen sama na yaƙi na ƙasa sun kai hari Japan yayin 1945.
Harin Darwin: Harin Bom din Darwin , wanda kuma aka fi sani da yakin Darwin , a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 1942 shi ne hari mafi girma guda daya da kasashen waje suka kai wa Ostiraliya. A wannan ranar, jiragen saman Japan 242, a cikin hare-hare biyu daban-daban, sun kai hari kan garin, jiragen ruwa a tashar jirgin Darwin da filayen saukar jiragen sama biyu na garin a kokarin hana Allies amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin da za su fafata da mamayewar Timor da Java yayin yakin duniya na II. .
Harin iska a kan Japan: Dakarun kawancen sun kai hare-hare ta sama da yawa kan Japan yayin yakin duniya na II, wanda ya haifar da barna mai yawa ga biranen kasar tare da kashe mutane tsakanin 241,000 zuwa 900,000. A cikin shekarun farko na Yaƙin Pasifik waɗannan hare-haren an iyakance su ne ga Doolittle Raid a watan Afrilu 1942 da ƙananan hare-hare kan mukaman soja a Tsibirin Kuril daga tsakiyar 1943. Hare-haren bama-bamai dabaru sun fara ne a watan Yunin 1944 kuma sun ci gaba har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin a watan Agusta 1945. Sojojin ruwan kawancen haɗin gwiwa da jiragen sama na yaƙi na ƙasa sun kai hari Japan yayin 1945.
Harin iska a Hongkong: Sojojin Sama na Amurka da Navy na Amurka sun kai hare-hare da yawa kan Hong Kong da Japan ta mamaye da jigilar kaya kusa da garin yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Australiya ta shiga cikin kokarin sanya ma'adinan ruwa a yankin Hong Kong. Waɗannan hare-haren sun fara ne a cikin 1942. A cikin 1945 an sanya ta cikin babban harin Tekun Kudancin China. Jirgin saman Jirgin Ruwa na Burtaniya ma ya kai hari kan jiragen ruwan kashe kansa na Japan a Hongkong a matsayin wani bangare na sake mamaye mulkin mallaka a karshen watan Agusta 1945.
Harin iska a Hongkong: Sojojin Sama na Amurka da Navy na Amurka sun kai hare-hare da yawa kan Hong Kong da Japan ta mamaye da jigilar kaya kusa da garin yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II. Rundunar Sojin Sama ta Australiya ta shiga cikin kokarin sanya ma'adinan ruwa a yankin Hong Kong. Waɗannan hare-haren sun fara ne a cikin 1942. A cikin 1945 an sanya ta cikin babban harin Tekun Kudancin China. Jirgin saman Jirgin Ruwa na Burtaniya ma ya kai hari kan jiragen ruwan kashe kansa na Japan a Hongkong a matsayin wani bangare na sake mamaye mulkin mallaka a karshen watan Agusta 1945.
Kawancen jirgin sama: Akwai manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan kasuwancin jirgin sama-na layin dogo ko yarjejeniyoyin lamba: sabis na sadaukarwa, duk hanyar samun hanyar sadarwa, Dare & Fly, da kuma yarjejeniyar sake kariya. An jera ƙawancen jirgin sama mai aiki a halin yanzu a cikin tebur ɗin da ke ƙasa.
Rago na iska: Rago na iska wata na'ura ce mai dauke da iska wacce take tattowa wani mai kwazo ta iska. Don daidaita abubuwan fashewa sai mai wasan kwaikwayon ya hau kan babban "feda" kuma ta amfani da iska mai matsewa ana sakin "feda" yana aika mai wasan yana cutar ta cikin iska. Nisa da tsayin da mai yi ya riskar ya dogara ne da saitin iska.
Hannun iska: Yunkurin iska ko harbin iska shine ramin jirgin sama ɗaya da wani. Dabara ce ta ƙarshe-ta ƙarshe a cikin yaƙin iska, wani lokacin ana amfani da ita lokacin da duk sauran abubuwa suka gaza. Tun da daɗewa kafin ƙirƙira jirgin sama, dabarun yaƙi a cikin yaƙin sojan ruwa da na ƙasa ya zama ruwan dare. Pyotr Nesterov ne ya fara yin rawar farko ta iska a shekarar 1914 yayin yakin duniya na farko. A farkon matakan Yaƙin Duniya na II dabara ta kasance matukan jirgi na Soviet, waɗanda suka kira shi taran , kalmar Rashanci don "batirin rago".
Jirgin Sama: Helicopter Ceto: Air Ranger: Helicopter na Ceto wasa ne na wasan kwaikwayo na helikofta wanda aka saki don Sony PlayStation 2, wanda Kamfanin ASK ya haɓaka kuma Midas Interactive Entertainment ya wallafa shi. An sake wasan a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2001 a Japan, da Nuwamba 15, 2002 don Turai. Wasan ba a sake shi ba a Arewacin Amurka. A cikin wasan dole ne ɗan wasan ya ɗauki matsayin matukin jirgin Helicopter na Ceto, da kuma kammala ayyukan da suka shafi haɗari kamar haɗarin mota ko gobara.
Jami'in jirgin sama: Jami'in sojan sama jami'in sojan sama ne na daraja ta sama ko ta sama. Irin waɗannan hafsoshi ana iya kiransu "hafsoshin darajar iska". Yayin da wa'adin ya samo asali daga Royal Air Force, ana kuma samun hafsoshin jiragen sama a cikin yawancin ƙasashen Commonwealth waɗanda ke da kamanni iri na RAF.
Warfin wuta: Warfin maɓallin wuta shine nau'in maƙallan da aka ba da shi ta wasu hanyoyi ba ƙarfin mutum ba. Abun tushen tushen asalin iska isasshen iska ne. Akwai mahimman nau'ikan maɓuɓɓugan wreniya guda biyu: tasirin wrenches da maƙogwaron iska ko maƙogwaron bugun iska .