Air operator's certificate, Air Operations Center, Air operations during the Greek Civil War

Takardar shaidar mai aiki da iska: Takardar shaidar kamfanin iska ( AOC ) ita ce amincewar da hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta kasa (NAA) ta ba mai ba da jirgin sama don ba ta damar amfani da jirgin sama don kasuwancin. Wannan yana buƙatar mai aiki ya kasance yana da ma'aikata, kadarori da tsarin aiki don tabbatar da lafiyar ma'aikatanta da sauran jama'a. Takardar shaidar za ta lissafa nau'ikan jirgin sama da rajistar da za a yi amfani da su, don wace manufa da kuma a wane yanki - takamaiman filayen jiragen sama ko yanki.
Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Air: Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Sama ( AOC ) wani nau'in cibiyar umarni ce da Sojan Sama na Amurka (USAF) ke amfani da shi. Babban jami'i ne na kwamandan rundunar sojan sama don bayar da umarni da kula da ayyukan iska.
Ayyukan iska yayin Yaƙin basasa na Girka: Ayyukan iska a lokacin Yaƙin basasa na Girka ya ƙunshi sojojin saman Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu, da gwamnatin Girka a kan abubuwan da ke ƙasa na ELAS da sauran sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati.
Ayyukan iska yayin Yaƙin basasa na Girka: Ayyukan iska a lokacin Yaƙin basasa na Girka ya ƙunshi sojojin saman Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu, da gwamnatin Girka a kan abubuwan da ke ƙasa na ELAS da sauran sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati.
Ayyukan iska yayin Yaƙin basasa na Girka: Ayyukan iska a lokacin Yaƙin basasa na Girka ya ƙunshi sojojin saman Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu, da gwamnatin Girka a kan abubuwan da ke ƙasa na ELAS da sauran sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati.
Takardar shaidar mai aiki da iska: Takardar shaidar kamfanin iska ( AOC ) ita ce amincewar da hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta kasa (NAA) ta ba mai ba da jirgin sama don ba ta damar amfani da jirgin sama don kasuwancin. Wannan yana buƙatar mai aiki ya kasance yana da ma'aikata, kadarori da tsarin aiki don tabbatar da lafiyar ma'aikatanta da sauran jama'a. Takardar shaidar za ta lissafa nau'ikan jirgin sama da rajistar da za a yi amfani da su, don wace manufa da kuma a wane yanki - takamaiman filayen jiragen sama ko yanki.
Takardar shaidar mai aiki da iska: Takardar shaidar kamfanin iska ( AOC ) ita ce amincewar da hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama ta kasa (NAA) ta ba mai ba da jirgin sama don ba ta damar amfani da jirgin sama don kasuwancin. Wannan yana buƙatar mai aiki ya kasance yana da ma'aikata, kadarori da tsarin aiki don tabbatar da lafiyar ma'aikatanta da sauran jama'a. Takardar shaidar za ta lissafa nau'ikan jirgin sama da rajistar da za a yi amfani da su, don wace manufa da kuma a wane yanki - takamaiman filayen jiragen sama ko yanki.
Waƙar iska: Air wani labari ne na gani wanda Key ya kirkira kuma VisualArt's ya wallafa shi a 2000. Labarin ya biyo bayan Yukito Kunisaki, wani matafiyi wanda ya isa garin da babu nutsuwa a lokacin bazara wanda yake kan neman "yarinyar da ke cikin sama" wanda ya mutu a yanzu mahaifiya ta ba shi labarin kuma tana nema. A cikin gari, Yukito ya sadu da girlsan mata baƙi guda uku kuma Yukito ya fara zargin cewa ɗayansu a haƙiƙa itace yarinyar da yake nema. Toei Animation ne ya canza shi zuwa wani fim mai rai a 2005 wanda Osamu Dezaki ya jagoranta tare da jagorancin kiɗa ta Yoshikazu Suo. Hakanan Kyoto Animation ya daidaita shi a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin an-13 wanda aka watsa a cikin 2005, tare da ƙarin aukuwa biyu kuma wanda aka watsa a cikin 2005, wanda Tatsuya Ishihara ya jagoranta tare da jagorancin kiɗa ta Shinji Orito. Hotunan da ake amfani dasu a iska da kuma yadda ake amfani dasu a wani lokaci sun kunshi EP daya, guda daya, sautuka biyu, da kuma kundin remix guda uku.
Kayan aikin numfashi na kai: Na'urar numfashi mai ɗauke da kai ( SCBA ), wani lokaci ana kiranta da kayan matattara na iska ( CABA ) ko kuma kawai kayan aikin numfashi ( BA ), na'urar ce da ake sanyawa don samar da iska mai shakar iska a cikin yanayin da ke da haɗari ga rai ko lafiya. Yawanci ana amfani dasu a cikin kashe gobara da masana'antu. Kalmar kai tsaye tana nufin cewa SCBA bai dogara da wadataccen iskar gas mai numfashi ba. Idan an tsara shi don amfani a ƙarƙashin ruwa, ana kuma san shi da sikan jirgi. Lokacin da ba'a yi amfani da su a karkashin ruwa ba, wasu lokuta ana kiran su saitin numfashi na masana'antu . Sunaye marasa izini sun haɗa da fakitin iska, tankin iska ko fakiti kawai, waɗanda yawanci ana amfani dasu a cikin kashe gobara.
Luarin ruwa: A cikin tasirin ruwa, a cikin tsarin injiniyoyi masu ci gaba, , arfin ruwa ƙaramin ƙaramin ruwa ne, wanda za'a iya ganowa a duk tarihinsa mai motsi yayin motsi tare da gudan ruwa. Yayin da yake motsawa, adadin kunshin ruwa ya kasance a tsaye, yayin-a cikin matsi mai matsewa - ƙarar sa na iya canzawa. Kuma fasalin sa yana canzawa saboda murdiya ta kwarara. A cikin kwararar da ba za a iya magance ta ba kuma karfin kunshin ruwan yana aiki akai.
Matsayin iska: Airarfin sarauta matsayi ne na fifikon iska inda gefe yake riƙe da cikakken ikon ikon iska akan sojojin adawa. Matakan sarrafa iska ne a cikin yaƙi. Sarƙar iska ita ce kwatancen iska na umarnin teku.
Filin jirgin sama: Hakanan ana kiran filin jirgin sama na zama a matsayin "yanki mai tashi " Kalmar na iya komawa zuwa ga al'ummar da aka tsara musamman ta hanyar filin jirgin sama inda mazauna kowannensu zai mallaki jirgin saman kansa wanda yake ajiyewa a cikin layinsu wanda galibi yake haɗe da gida ko haɗa shi cikin gidansa. Filin jirgin sama na zama ko yawo a cikin gari yana da fasali ɗaya ko sama tare da gidajen da ke kusa da titin jirgin. Yawancin al'ummomin da ke tashi sama suna ba da abubuwa iri-iri, kamar filin golf, kayan dawakai da ƙari. Filin jirgin sama na zama ko al'ummomin tashi sama galibi mallakin masu zaman kansu ne kuma an taƙaita su don amfani da masu mallakar kadarorin da baƙin da aka gayyata. Yawancinsu ba sa haɗawa da ayyukan kasuwanci ko kasuwanci. Hakanan al'ummomin sun zama babbar kasuwar ƙasa, tare da wasu kamfanoni waɗanda suka keɓe kawai ga waɗannan ci gaban.
Aikin Fasinjan Sama: Aikin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama (APD) haraji ne wanda aka caje shi a kan jigilar fasinjojin da ke tashi daga Filin jirgin sama na United Kingdom ko Isle of Man a cikin jirgin sama wanda ke da izinin tashi sama da tan 5.7 ko sama da kujeru ashirin don fasinjoji. Ba za a iya biyan harajin ba ta fasinjojin da ke cikin ƙasa waɗanda suka yi rajista don ci gaba da tafiya a cikin awanni 24 na lokacin da aka tsara su na zuwa Burtaniya. Idan fasinja "ya tsaya" sama da awanni 24, ana biyanshi aiki gaba ɗaya.
Harajin fita: Harajin tashi shine kudin da wata kasa take karba lokacin da mutum zai bar kasar.
Ofungiyoyin ma'aunin ma'auni: Ana auna zaren zaren, zaren, yadudduka da yadudduka a yawancin raka'a. Fiber, zaren guda na kayan abu na halitta, kamar auduga, lilin ko ulu, ko kayan roba kamar nailan, polyester, karfe ko zaren ma'adinai, ko zaren cellulosic da mutum ya yi kamar viscose, Modal, Lyocell ko wasu zaren zaren dangane da yawan layin linzami, nauyin tsayin zaren da aka bayar. Ana amfani da raka'a daban-daban don komawa zuwa auna ma'aunin zaren, kamar: deni da tex, super S, mummunan lissafi, yawan woolen, kirkin lilin, yawan auduga, Lambar awo (Nm) da yawan amfanin ƙasa. Zare, zaren dunƙulen zaren da aka yi amfani da shi don saka, saƙa ko ɗinki, ana auna shi gwargwadon ƙididdigar auduga da yawan yadin. Zaren da aka yi daga zaren biyu ya haɗu wuri ɗaya, kowannensu ya ƙunshi yadi uku Za a auna zaren, wanda yawanci ya kunshi yadudduka da yawa hade tare da samar da madaidaiciya, siririn zaren da aka yi amfani da shi a ɗinki ko saƙa, ana auna shi a cikin raka'a ɗaya da zaren. Kayan aiki, kayan da yawanci ake samarwa ta hanyar saƙa, saƙa ko saƙƙarfan zaren, zaren ko zaren, ana auna su a cikin raka'a kamar su momme, ƙididdigar zaren, ƙare da inch ɗaya (epi) da kuma zaba a inci ɗaya (ppi)
Specificayyadadden yanayin yanayin iska: Yanayin takamaiman yanayin iska na kayan foda shine ma'auni-ma'auni na ƙarancin ƙura. Surfaceayyadadden farfajiyar ta samo asali ne daga juriya zuwa kwararar iska ta gado mai laushi na foda. A SI raka'a ne m 2 · kg -1 ko m 2 · m -3.
Sabis na wayar iska da ƙasa: Sabis ɗin tarho na ƙasa da ƙasa ya haɗa da sabis na kasuwanci da na jirgi gaba ɗaya. Lasisi na iya ba da sabis na sadarwa da yawa ga fasinjoji da wasu a cikin jirgin sama.
Daukar hoto ta sama: Hoto na sama shine ɗaukar hoto daga jirgin sama ko wani abu mai tashi. Filaye-shiryen daukar hoto a sama sun hada da jiragen sama masu tsayayyen jirgi, jirage masu saukar ungulu, motocin marasa matuka, balan-balan, blimps da dirigibles, roket, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping da abin hawa. Ana iya haifar da kyamarorin da aka ɗora daga nesa ko ta atomatik; mai ɗaukar hoto na iya ɗaukar hotunan hannu.
Daukar hoto ta sama: Hoto na sama shine ɗaukar hoto daga jirgin sama ko wani abu mai tashi. Filaye-shiryen daukar hoto a sama sun hada da jiragen sama masu tsayayyen jirgi, jirage masu saukar ungulu, motocin marasa matuka, balan-balan, blimps da dirigibles, roket, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping da abin hawa. Ana iya haifar da kyamarorin da aka ɗora daga nesa ko ta atomatik; mai ɗaukar hoto na iya ɗaukar hotunan hannu.
Daukar hoto ta sama: Hoto na sama shine ɗaukar hoto daga jirgin sama ko wani abu mai tashi. Filaye-shiryen daukar hoto a sama sun hada da jiragen sama masu tsayayyen jirgi, jirage masu saukar ungulu, motocin marasa matuka, balan-balan, blimps da dirigibles, roket, pigeons, kites, parachutes, stand-alone telescoping da abin hawa. Ana iya haifar da kyamarorin da aka ɗora daga nesa ko ta atomatik; mai ɗaukar hoto na iya ɗaukar hotunan hannu.
Kayan aiki na iska: A cikin yanayin kwaikwayon kiɗa, kayan aikin iska kayan kirkirar kiɗa ne wanda mutane suke kwaikwayon motsin samar da sauti a cikin iska ba tare da taɓa ainihin kayan aiki ba. A cikin sauƙi kalmomin iska sune kayan kiɗa waɗanda za a iya kunna ba tare da taɓa ainihin kayan aikin ba. Kayan iska sun hada da: guitar ta iska - don guitar ta lantarki ko guitar mai acoustic; air bass - don guitar guitar; gangunan iska - don ƙwanƙwasa tarkon, bongos ko ƙararrawa, ko mafi yawan lokuta ana saita ganga ta iska sau da yawa tare da takaddama biyu; madannin iska - kamar piano na iska don piano; violin na iska - don goge ko sillo; sarewar iska - don sarewa; iska xylophone - don xylophone; ƙaho na iska - don ƙaho; trombone - don trombone.
Ice cream: Kirim mai tsami na iya zama ɗayan manyan kayan zaki biyu. Abin zaki wanda ya kunshi kirim mai tsami tare da karin dandano. Abin zaki a cikin abin da ake haɗuwa da dusar ƙanƙara tare da ruwan zaki mai daɗin zaki don yin maye gurbin ice cream. Wannan kuma ana kiranta da suna ice cream .
Jirgin jirgin sama: An jirgin sama matukin jirgi ko Aviator ne da wani mutum wanda yana iko da jirgin na da wani jirgin sama da ke aiki da directional jirgin controls. Wasu sauran membobin jirgin sama, kamar masu binciken jirgi ko injiniyoyin jirgin, suma ana daukar su ne aviators, saboda suna da hannu wajen aiki da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama da injina. Sauran membobin jirgin sama, kamar masu sarrafa jirage, da ma'aikatan jirgi, da kanikanci da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa, ba a sanya su a cikin jiragen sama.
Trachea: A trachea, kuma ake kira da maƙogwaro, shi ne wani cartilaginous tube cewa haɗu da maƙogwaro da bronchi daga cikin huhu, da barin nassi na iska, da kuma haka ne yanzu a kusan dukkanin iska-numfashi dabbobi da huhu. Sashin bututun iska ya faɗo daga maƙogwaro da rassa zuwa mashigi na farko. A saman trachea cartilage cricoid ya haɗa shi da maƙogwaro. An kafa trachea ta wasu zobba-zoben zoben ƙafa, an haɗa su a tsaye ta haɗuwa da jijiyoyin jiki, da kuma tsokar trachealis a ƙarshen su. Epiglottis yana rufe buɗewa zuwa maƙogwaro yayin haɗiyewa.
Satar jirgin sama: Satar jirgin sama , shine kwace doka daga wani mutum ko wata kungiya ba bisa ka'ida ba. Saduwa daga farkon satar mutane, galibin al'amuran sun shafi tilasta matukin jirgi ya tashi bisa larurar mai satar jirgin. Koyaya, a wasu lokuta ba safai ba, maharan sun tuka jirgin kansu da kansu kuma sun yi amfani da shi wajen kai harin kunar bakin wake - musamman a harin 11 ga Satumba - kuma a lokuta da yawa, matukin jirgin sama ko mataimakin matukin jirgin ya yi fashin jirage; watau batun Lubitz.
Mai fashin jirgin sama: 'Yan fashin jirgin sama nau'ikan dabi'un jari ne daga tatsuniyoyin kimiyya da tatsuniyoyi. Irin waɗannan haruffa galibi suna aiki ne a matsayin 'yan fashi a cikin iska, ko kuma, gabaɗaya, yanayin duniya, dwarf planet ko wata, da tafiya ta jirgin sama, sabanin mafi yawan piratesan fashin teku na gargajiya akan manyan tekuna, waɗanda ke tafiya ta jirgin ruwa. Koyaya, kamar yadda masu fashin jirgin ruwa na gargajiya suke kaiwa jiragen ruwa, masu fashin jirgin sama suna ba da irin wannan rawar a cikin almara na kimiyya da kafofin watsa labarai na fahariya: suna kamawa tare da washe jirgin sama da sauran abubuwan da ake so don jigilar kayayyaki, sata kuma a wasu lokutan sukan saci jirgi duka, wani lokacin sukan kashe abokan aikinsu a cikin jirgin. aiwatar.
Mai fashin jirgin sama: 'Yan fashin jirgin sama nau'ikan dabi'un jari ne daga tatsuniyoyin kimiyya da tatsuniyoyi. Irin waɗannan haruffa galibi suna aiki ne a matsayin 'yan fashi a cikin iska, ko kuma, gabaɗaya, yanayin duniya, dwarf planet ko wata, da tafiya ta jirgin sama, sabanin mafi yawan piratesan fashin teku na gargajiya akan manyan tekuna, waɗanda ke tafiya ta jirgin ruwa. Koyaya, kamar yadda masu fashin jirgin ruwa na gargajiya suke kaiwa jiragen ruwa, masu fashin jirgin sama suna ba da irin wannan rawar a cikin almara na kimiyya da kafofin watsa labarai na fahariya: suna kamawa tare da washe jirgin sama da sauran abubuwan da ake so don jigilar kayayyaki, sata kuma a wasu lokutan sukan saci jirgi duka, wani lokacin sukan kashe abokan aikinsu a cikin jirgin. aiwatar.
Fashin jirgin sama (disambiguation): Pirate na iska halayyar haja ce daga tatsuniyoyin kimiyya da tatsuniyoyi.
Mai fashin jirgin sama: 'Yan fashin jirgin sama nau'ikan dabi'un jari ne daga tatsuniyoyin kimiyya da tatsuniyoyi. Irin waɗannan haruffa galibi suna aiki ne a matsayin 'yan fashi a cikin iska, ko kuma, gabaɗaya, yanayin duniya, dwarf planet ko wata, da tafiya ta jirgin sama, sabanin mafi yawan piratesan fashin teku na gargajiya akan manyan tekuna, waɗanda ke tafiya ta jirgin ruwa. Koyaya, kamar yadda masu fashin jirgin ruwa na gargajiya suke kaiwa jiragen ruwa, masu fashin jirgin sama suna ba da irin wannan rawar a cikin almara na kimiyya da kafofin watsa labarai na fahariya: suna kamawa tare da washe jirgin sama da sauran abubuwan da ake so don jigilar kayayyaki, sata kuma a wasu lokutan sukan saci jirgi duka, wani lokacin sukan kashe abokan aikinsu a cikin jirgin. aiwatar.
Bindigar iska: An iska gun, iska bindiga ko airgun, shi ne a gun cewa harbe projectiles pneumatically tare da matsa iska ko wasu gas da cewa suna mechanically matsa ba tare da shafe duk wani sinadaran halayen, da bambanci ga wani firearm, wanda pressurizes gas chemically via hadawan abu da iskar shaka na combustible propellants cewa ya haifar da propulsive kuzari ta hanyar ragargajewar kwayoyi.
Bindigar iska: An iska gun, iska bindiga ko airgun, shi ne a gun cewa harbe projectiles pneumatically tare da matsa iska ko wasu gas da cewa suna mechanically matsa ba tare da shafe duk wani sinadaran halayen, da bambanci ga wani firearm, wanda pressurizes gas chemically via hadawan abu da iskar shaka na combustible propellants cewa ya haifar da propulsive kuzari ta hanyar ragargajewar kwayoyi.
Tillandsia: Tillandsia shine asalin kusan 650 na bishiyoyi, shuke-shuken shuke-shuken shuke-shuke a cikin dangin Bromeliaceae, 'yan asalin gandun daji, tsaunuka da hamadar arewacin Mexico da kudu maso gabashin Amurka, Mesoamerica da Caribbean zuwa tsakiyar Argentina. Ganyensu, fiye da ƙasa da azurfa a launi, an rufe su da ƙwayoyin halitta na musamman (trichomes) waɗanda ke iya saurin shan ruwan da ya taru akan su.
Epiphyte: Epiphyte wata kwayar halitta ce wacce ke tsiro akan farfajiyar shuka kuma tana samun danshi da kayan abinci daga iska, ruwan sama, ruwa ko kuma daga tarkace da ke taruwa kewaye da ita. Epiphytes suna shiga cikin motsa jiki masu gina jiki kuma suna ƙarawa zuwa duka bambancin da yanayin halittar yanayin da suke faruwa, kamar kowane irin kwayar halitta. Tushen abinci ne mai mahimmanci ga nau'ikan halittu da yawa. Yawanci, tsofaffin ɓangarorin shuka zasu sami ƙarin epiphytes da ke girma akan su. Epiphytes ya banbanta da parasites saboda suna girma akan wasu tsire-tsire don tallafi na jiki kuma ba lallai bane ya shafi mai karɓar baƙi. Kwayar halittar da take girma akan wata kwayar halitta wacce ba tsiro ba ana iya kiranta epibiont. Epiphytes galibi ana samunsa a cikin yanki mai sanyin yanayi ko a wurare masu zafi. Kwayoyin epiphyte suna yin shuke-shuke masu kyau saboda karancin bukatun ruwa da kasa. Epiphytes suna ba da wadataccen mazauni don wasu ƙwayoyin ciki har da dabbobi, fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, da myxomycetes.
Corona jiyya: Maganin Corona fasaha ce ta gyaran fuska wanda ke amfani da ƙarancin plasma mai ƙarancin zafin jiki don ba da canje-canje a cikin kaddarorin farfajiya. Ana haifar da plasma corona ta aikace-aikacen babban ƙarfin lantarki zuwa wutan lantarki wanda yake da kaifi mai tsini. Tsarin plasma a samansa. Ana amfani da tsararrun layi na wayoyi don ƙirƙirar labulen plasma na corona. Abubuwa kamar su robobi, zane, ko takarda na iya wucewa ta labulen plasma na corona don canza ƙarfin saman abu. Duk kayan suna da kuzarin farfajiyar ƙasa. Ana samun tsarin kula da farfajiya don kusan kowane tsarin fasali ciki har da abubuwa masu girma, zanen gado da kayan jujjuya waɗanda ake sarrafa su a cikin tsarin yanar gizo. Maganin Corona wata hanya ce da ake amfani da ita a cikin filastik fim, extrusion, da kuma canza masana'antu.
Makirci (radar): A cikin kalmomin sojan ruwa, makirci wani hoto ne wanda yake nuna duk bayanan da aka tattara daga na'urori masu auna jirgin, watau radar, sonar da EW. Hakanan sun nuna bayanai daga tushe na waje - misali, sauran rahoton jirgin ruwa ko rahoton jirgin sama. Akwai mãkirci daban-daban guda huɗu, kowannensu yana da dama iri-iri, watau kewayon, gwargwadon rawar su; Filin jirgin sama: An yi amfani dashi don bin lambobin sadarwa na iska, watau jiragen sama da bayanan EW. Tsarin fili: An yi amfani dashi don bin sawun lambobin sadarwa a saman ruwa, watau sauran jiragen ruwa. Hakanan yana iya yin ayyuka da yawa kamar: Bayar da alamun hanyar jirgin da saurin lokaci. Yin makirci ga matsayin mutum ta hanyar wuce gona da iri. Ana iya amfani da shi a cikin ayyukan tallafi na bindigogin ruwa don shirya lambobin sadarwar da ba a gano su ba da kuma bin sawun sojojin abokantaka. Hakanan yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ayyukan yaƙe-yaƙe da kuma amfani da tortofofi. Tsarin ƙasa: An yi amfani da shi don bin sawun lambobin da ke ƙasa da saman ruwa, watau jiragen ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa. Babban makircin ayyukan : An yi amfani dashi don bin jigilar kaya a kan babban jadawali. Hakanan an yi amfani dashi don nuna iyakokin motsa jiki, jiragen sama da sauran manyan fasali na sha'awar ruwa. A cikin Royal Navy na Australiya, sikelin da aka yi amfani da shi galibi mil 5 ne ko 10 a kowane inci 1 (mm 25).
Aljihun Sama: Aljihun iska na iya komawa zuwa: Aljihun iska, banbancin gida a cikin matsin iska a cikin sararin samaniya, mai haifar da tsayayyen tsaye Aljihun Sama (album) , kundin waƙoƙin 1980 ta Roger Powell Air Pocket (band), ƙungiyar jazz fusion band wacce brothersan uwan ​​Fowler suka kafa Ciwon huhu na huhu na huhu
Aljihun Sama: Aljihun iska na iya komawa zuwa: Aljihun iska, banbancin gida a cikin matsin iska a cikin sararin samaniya, mai haifar da tsayayyen tsaye Aljihun Sama (album) , kundin waƙoƙin 1980 ta Roger Powell Air Pocket (band), ƙungiyar jazz fusion band wacce brothersan uwan ​​Fowler suka kafa Ciwon huhu na huhu na huhu
Sarauta ta iska: Ikon sarauta shine haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙasa mai cikakken iko don tsara amfani da sararin samaniyarsa da aiwatar da dokarta ta jirgin sama - a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ta amfani da jirgin yaƙi.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Polwayoyin gurɓataccen iska: Rationsididdigar gurɓataccen iska , kamar yadda aka auna ko kamar yadda aka lasafta ta samfurin tallan gurɓataccen iska, dole ne sau da yawa a canza ko gyara don bayyana kamar yadda ƙa'idodi da hukumomin gwamnati suka bayar suka buƙata. Dokokin da ke ayyanawa da kuma iyakance adadin masu gurɓatarwa a cikin iska mai iska ko kuma hayaƙin hayaki mai iska zuwa iska mai iska ana bayar da shi daga nationalasashe masu yawa na ƙasa da na jihohi da kuma hukumomin kiwon lafiya da na tsaro.
Shafin ingancin iska: Hukumomin gwamnati suna amfani da ma'aunin ingancin iska ( AQI ) don sadarwa ga jama'a yadda gurbatacciyar iska take a halin yanzu ko kuma yadda ake hasashen gurbatar ta. Haɗarin lafiyar jama'a yana ƙaruwa yayin da AQI ke haɓaka. Countriesasashe daban-daban suna da alamun ingancin nasu na iska, wanda ya dace da ƙa'idodin ingancin iska daban-daban na ƙasa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sune Ingantaccen Ingancin Lafiyar Sama (Kanada), Fuskan Gurɓata Iskokin (Malesiya), da Manufofin Kayayyakin Kazanta (Singapore).
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Gurbatar iska da cunkoson ababen hawa a Tehran: Tehran mai dauke da mutane sama da miliyan 14 a lokacin rana, tana fama da tsananin cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin awannin gaggawa.
Gurbatar iska: Gurbatar iska shine kasantuwar wasu abubuwa a sararin samaniya masu illa ga lafiyar mutane da sauran halittu, ko kuma haifar da illa ga yanayi ko kuma kayan aiki. Akwai gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓata iska, kamar gas, ƙwayoyin cuta, da ƙwayoyin halittu. Gurbatar iska na iya haifar da cututtuka, rashin lafiyar har ma da mutuwa ga mutane; Hakanan yana iya haifar da cutarwa ga wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar dabbobi da kayan abinci, kuma yana iya lalata mahalli ko yanayin da aka gina. Duk ayyukan mutum da kuma tsarin rayuwa na iya haifar da gurɓatar iska.
Gurbatar iska da cunkoson ababen hawa a Tehran: Tehran mai dauke da mutane sama da miliyan 14 a lokacin rana, tana fama da tsananin cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin awannin gaggawa.
Tsarin fitarwa na abin hawa: Matakan fitarwa sune ƙa'idodin doka waɗanda ke jagorantar gurɓataccen iska da aka saki cikin yanayi. Matakan watsawa sun sanya iyakokin adadi akan adadin halal na takamaiman iska mai guba wanda za'a iya fito dashi daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman lokaci. An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaitattun darajar iska da kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da ƙasashe daban-daban suna da mizanai daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa.
Jerin gundumomin iska na California: A cikin 1947, Jihar Kalifoniya ta kafa Dokar Kula da Gurɓata Gurɓataccen iska wanda ya ba da izinin ƙirƙirar gundumomin Kula da Gurɓata iska (APCD) ko Gundumomin Gudanar da Ingancin iska (AQMD) a cikin kowane yanki na Jihar. California tana da APCDs 22, 12 AQMDs da kuma Gundumar Albarkatun Sama 1 na jimlar gundumomi 35: Gundumar Amador APCD Kwarin Baƙin AQMD Yankin Bay AQMD Gundumar Butte AQMD Karamar Hukumar Calaveras APCD Karamar Hukumar Colusa APCD Gabashin Kern APCD Gundumar El Dorado AQMD Gashin Tsuntsu AQMD Glenn County APCD Babban Basin Hadadden APCD Imperial County APCD Lake County AQMD Karamar Hukumar Lassen APCD Gundumar Mariposa APCD Gundumar Mendocino AQMD Gundumar Modoc ta APCD Mojave Desert AQMD Gundumar Albarkatun Sama ta Monterey Bay Arewa Coast Unified AQMD Arewacin Saliyo AQMD Yankin Sonoma ta Arewa APCD Yankin APC Placer Sacramento Metropolitan AQMD Gundumar San Diego APCD San Joaquin Valley APCD San Luis Obispo County APCD Karamar Hukumar Santa Barbara APCD Gundumar Shasta AQMD Gundumar Siskiyou APCD Kudu Coast AQMD Gundumar Tehama APCD Karamar Hukumar Tuolumne APCD Gundumar Ventura APCD Yolo-Solano AQMD
Tsarin fitarwa na abin hawa: Matakan fitarwa sune ƙa'idodin doka waɗanda ke jagorantar gurɓataccen iska da aka saki cikin yanayi. Matakan watsawa sun sanya iyakokin adadi akan adadin halal na takamaiman iska mai guba wanda za'a iya fito dashi daga takamaiman tushe akan takamaiman lokaci. An tsara su gabaɗaya don cimma daidaitattun darajar iska da kare rayuwar ɗan adam. Yankuna da ƙasashe daban-daban suna da mizanai daban-daban na hayaƙin abin hawa.
Samfurin watsawa na yanayi: Samfurin watsawa na yanayi shine kwaikwayon lissafi na yadda gurɓatattun iska ke watsuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ana aiwatar dashi tare da shirye-shiryen komputa waɗanda suka haɗa da algorithms don magance ƙididdigar lissafi wanda ke kula da watsawar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana amfani da samfuran watsawa don kimanta ƙarancin iska mai gurɓata iska ko gubobi da ake fitarwa daga tushe kamar shuke-shuke na masana'antu, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ko fitowar sinadarin bazata. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dasu don yin hango nunin abubuwan da zasu zo nan gaba a ƙarƙashin takamaiman al'amuran. Sabili da haka, su ne manyan nau'ikan samfurin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tsara manufofin ingancin iska. Suna da amfani sosai ga gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda aka tarwatsa su a kan manyan wurare kuma hakan na iya amsawa a cikin yanayi. Ga masu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ga nazarin ilimin annoba ana amfani da samfuran sake amfani da ƙididdigar ƙasa.
Samfurin watsawa na yanayi: Samfurin watsawa na yanayi shine kwaikwayon lissafi na yadda gurɓatattun iska ke watsuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ana aiwatar dashi tare da shirye-shiryen komputa waɗanda suka haɗa da algorithms don magance ƙididdigar lissafi wanda ke kula da watsawar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana amfani da samfuran watsawa don kimanta ƙarancin iska mai gurɓata iska ko gubobi da ake fitarwa daga tushe kamar shuke-shuke na masana'antu, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ko fitowar sinadarin bazata. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dasu don yin hango nunin abubuwan da zasu zo nan gaba a ƙarƙashin takamaiman al'amuran. Sabili da haka, su ne manyan nau'ikan samfurin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tsara manufofin ingancin iska. Suna da amfani sosai ga gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda aka tarwatsa su a kan manyan wurare kuma hakan na iya amsawa a cikin yanayi. Ga masu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ga nazarin ilimin annoba ana amfani da samfuran sake amfani da ƙididdigar ƙasa.
Samfurin watsawa na yanayi: Samfurin watsawa na yanayi shine kwaikwayon lissafi na yadda gurɓatattun iska ke watsuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ana aiwatar dashi tare da shirye-shiryen komputa waɗanda suka haɗa da algorithms don magance ƙididdigar lissafi wanda ke kula da watsawar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana amfani da samfuran watsawa don kimanta ƙarancin iska mai gurɓata iska ko gubobi da ake fitarwa daga tushe kamar shuke-shuke na masana'antu, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ko fitowar sinadarin bazata. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dasu don yin hango nunin abubuwan da zasu zo nan gaba a ƙarƙashin takamaiman al'amuran. Sabili da haka, su ne manyan nau'ikan samfurin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tsara manufofin ingancin iska. Suna da amfani sosai ga gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda aka tarwatsa su a kan manyan wurare kuma hakan na iya amsawa a cikin yanayi. Ga masu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ga nazarin ilimin annoba ana amfani da samfuran sake amfani da ƙididdigar ƙasa.
Samfurin watsawa na yanayi: Samfurin watsawa na yanayi shine kwaikwayon lissafi na yadda gurɓatattun iska ke watsuwa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Ana aiwatar dashi tare da shirye-shiryen komputa waɗanda suka haɗa da algorithms don magance ƙididdigar lissafi wanda ke kula da watsawar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi. Ana amfani da samfuran watsawa don kimanta ƙarancin iska mai gurɓata iska ko gubobi da ake fitarwa daga tushe kamar shuke-shuke na masana'antu, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ko fitowar sinadarin bazata. Hakanan za'a iya amfani dasu don yin hango nunin abubuwan da zasu zo nan gaba a ƙarƙashin takamaiman al'amuran. Sabili da haka, su ne manyan nau'ikan samfurin da aka yi amfani da su wajen tsara manufofin ingancin iska. Suna da amfani sosai ga gurɓatattun abubuwa waɗanda aka tarwatsa su a kan manyan wurare kuma hakan na iya amsawa a cikin yanayi. Ga masu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi na lokaci-lokaci kuma ga nazarin ilimin annoba ana amfani da samfuran sake amfani da ƙididdigar ƙasa.
Shafin watsa iska gurɓatawa Rarraba gurbatar iska - rarraba gurbatar iska cikin yanayi. Gurbatar iska shine gabatar da wasu kwayoyi, kwayoyin halitta, ko wasu abubuwa masu cutarwa cikin yanayin Duniya, wanda ke haifar da cuta, mutuwa ga mutane, lalacewar wasu kwayoyin halittu masu rai kamar amfanin gona, ko kuma na dabi'a ko gini. Gurɓatar iska na iya zuwa daga asalin ɗan adam ko na asali. Watsawa yana nufin abin da ke faruwa ga gurbatar yanayi yayin gabatarwar; fahimtar wannan na iya taimaka wajan ganowa da sarrafa shi. Rarraba gurɓatacciyar iska ya zama abin da masu kula da kiyaye muhalli da hukumomin kula da muhalli na gwamnati na ƙasashe da yawa suka shafi kula da gurɓataccen iska.
Labarin gurbatar iska: Wani yanayi na gurɓatacciyar iska haɗuwa da iska da yanayi da ba a saba gani ba wanda ke haifar da manyan matakan gurɓatar iska akan babban yanki. Misalan labaran ƙazantar iska sun haɗa da: Kashi na 1930 Meuse Valley 1939 Bikin Saint Louis 1948 Donora Kashi Kashi na 1952 London Wutar daji ta Indonesiya a shekarar 1997 Gobe Episode 2005 Hazikin Malesiya Kashi na 2006 kudu maso gabashin Asiya Shekarar Bala'in Gas na Bhopal Gas 1984
Hasashen gurbatar iska: Hasashen gurɓatacciyar iska aiki ne na kimiyya da fasaha don hango abin da gurɓatar iska ke samu a yanayi don wani wuri da lokaci. Hanyoyin da ke tattare da gurbacewar gurbataccen yanayi sunadaran amfani da alamun ingancin iska ko maida hankali kan PM2.5 don nuna matakin gurbatarwa.
Hasashen gurbatar iska: Hasashen gurɓatacciyar iska aiki ne na kimiyya da fasaha don hango abin da gurɓatar iska ke samu a yanayi don wani wuri da lokaci. Hanyoyin da ke tattare da gurbacewar gurbataccen yanayi sunadaran amfani da alamun ingancin iska ko maida hankali kan PM2.5 don nuna matakin gurbatarwa.
Lafiya da tasirin muhalli na masana'antar kwal: Tasirin kiwon lafiya da muhalli na masana'antar kwal ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar amfani da ƙasa, sarrafa shara, ruwa da gurɓatar iska, sanadiyyar hakar kwal, sarrafawa da amfani da kayan. Baya ga gurbatar yanayi, kona kwal na samar da daruruwan miliyoyin tan na kayan sharar gida a kowace shekara, gami da tokar toka, toka ta ƙasa, da sludge na zafin gurɓataccen haya, wanda ke ɗauke da sinadaran mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi. Gawayi shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar carbon dioxide da ɗan adam ya yi a cikin yanayin duniya.
Lafiya da tasirin muhalli na masana'antar kwal: Tasirin kiwon lafiya da muhalli na masana'antar kwal ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar amfani da ƙasa, sarrafa shara, ruwa da gurɓatar iska, sanadiyyar hakar kwal, sarrafawa da amfani da kayan. Baya ga gurbatar yanayi, kona kwal na samar da daruruwan miliyoyin tan na kayan sharar gida a kowace shekara, gami da tokar toka, toka ta ƙasa, da sludge na zafin gurɓataccen haya, wanda ke ɗauke da sinadaran mercury, uranium, thorium, arsenic, da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi. Gawayi shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar carbon dioxide da ɗan adam ya yi a cikin yanayin duniya.
Tasirin muhalli na jigilar kaya: Tasirin muhalli na jigilar kaya ya haɗa da gurɓatar iska, gurɓataccen ruwa, acoustic, da gurɓataccen mai. Jiragen ruwa suna da alhakin fiye da kashi 18 na wasu gurɓataccen iska.
Guban zafi: Wuraren masu guba wurare ne inda hayaki daga wasu keɓaɓɓun tushe kamar ruwa ko gurɓatar iska na iya bijirar da jama'an gari ga haɗarin lafiya, kamar cutar kansa. Wadannan hayakin suna ba da gudummawa ga haɗarin lafiyar iskar da ake fitarwa daga wasu hanyoyin da ke kusa. Garuruwa, yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a a kewayen gurbataccen gurbataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi kamar tsoffin masana'antu da wuraren adana shara.
Batutuwan muhalli a Afghanistan: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Afghanistan sun gabaci rikicin siyasa na shekarun da suka gabata. Gandun daji sun lalace ta ƙarni na kiwo da noma, ayyukan da kawai ya karu da ƙaruwar yawan mutane na zamani. A Afghanistan, kiyaye muhalli da matsalolin tattalin arziki ba su da sabani; tare da sama da kashi 44% na yawan mutanen sun dogara ne da kiwo ko noma, jindadin muhalli yana da matukar mahimmanci ga tattalin arzikin mutane. A shekarar 2007, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya sanya Afghanistan a matsayin mafi kankanta a tsakanin kasashen da ba na Afirka ba a cikin mace-macen da ke tattare da barazanar muhalli.
Batutuwan muhalli a Afirka: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Afirka ana haifar da su ne ta hanyar tasirin ɗan adam game da yanayin Afirka kuma yana da babban tasiri a kan mutane da kusan dukkanin nau'ikan rayuwar da ke tattare da rayuwa. Batutuwan sun hada da kwararowar Hamada, matsaloli tare da samun wadataccen ruwa, fashewar jama'a da kuma raguwar dabbobi. Wadannan batutuwan suna da nasaba da yawan mutane a Afirka, da ma a duk duniya. Kusan dukkanin matsalolin muhalli na Afirka suna da sauyi a yanayin ƙasa kuma mutane ne ke haifar da su, kodayake ba dole ba ne 'yan Afirka su yi hakan.
Batutuwan muhalli a Albania: Akwai sanannun batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a cikin kasar bayan mulkin gurguzu na Albania. Batutuwan sun hada da gurbatar iska da ruwa, rashin kyakkyawan tsarin sarrafa shara da kuma sare dazuzzuka. Yunkurin muhalli na Albaniya ya haɗa da kusan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 masu zaman kansu.
Baguio: Baguio , a hukumance shine garin Baguio , birni ne na 1 mai birni mai birni sosai a cikin Yankin Gudanarwar Cordillera, Philippines. An san shi da suna "Babban Lokacin bazara na Philippines", saboda yanayin sanyinta tunda garin yana da ƙafa 4,810 ƙafafun sama da matakin teku, galibi ana ambata kamar mita 1,540 a cikin gandun dazuzzuka na Luzon na wurare masu zafi ecoregion, wanda kuma ya sa ya dace da ci gaban shuke-shuke mai laushi, orchids da bishiyoyin pine, wanda ya danganta ɗayansu mai suna "City of Pines".
Bangkok: Bangkok babban birni ne kuma mafi yawan mutanen Thailand. An san shi a cikin Thai kamar Krung Thep Maha Nakhon ko kuma kawai Krung Thep . Garin yana da murabba'in kilomita 1,568.7 (605.7 sq mi) a cikin Kogin Chao Phraya a tsakiyar Thailand kuma yana da kimanin mutane miliyan 10.539 kamar na shekarar 2020, kashi 15.3 na yawan jama'ar ƙasar. Fiye da mutane miliyan goma sha huɗu sun rayu a cikin kewayen Bangkok Metropolitan Region a ƙidayar 2010, wanda ya sa Bangkok ya zama babban birni mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, ya mamaye sauran cibiyoyin biranen Thailand da girma da mahimmancin tattalin arzikin ƙasa.
Beijing: Beijing , a madadin romaniyanci kamar Peking , babban birni ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin. Ita ce babban birni mafi yawan jama'a a duniya, tare da mazauna sama da miliyan 21 a cikin yankin yankin 16,410.5 km 2 . Tana cikin Arewacin China, kuma ana mulkinta azaman karamar hukuma ƙarƙashin jagorancin kai tsaye na Majalisar Jiha tare da gundumomin birane, birane, da karkara 16. Beijing galibi yana kewaye da lardin Hebei ban da makwabta Tianjin da ke kudu maso gabas; tare, bangarorin ukun sun hada da Jingjinji megalopolis da babban yankin kasar Sin.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Bhutan: Akwai batutuwan muhalli da yawa a cikin Bhutan . Daga cikin batutuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a Bhutan akwai tattara itacen gargajiya, kariyar amfanin gona da garken tumaki, da zubar da shara, da kuma damuwar zamani kamar gurbatar masana'antu, kiyaye namun daji, da canjin yanayi da ke barazana ga yawan mutanen Bhutan da halittu masu yawa. Amfani da ƙasa da ruwa suma sun zama al'amuran da suka shafi muhalli a yankunan karkara da birane. Baya ga waɗannan batutuwan na gaba ɗaya, wasu kamar wadataccen shara da iska da gurɓataccen hayaniya sun fi yawa a yankunan biranen da ke da ƙarancin birni da masana'antu na Bhutan. A cikin lamura da yawa, mafi karancin karfin kudi da siyasa sun sami kansu a cikin matsalar muhalli.
Muhalli na Bosnia da Herzegovina: Yanayin Bosniya da Herzegovina ya ƙunshi yanayi daban-daban, flora da fauna, wuraren tarihi na asali da shimfidar wurare. Yanayin ya fito ne daga nahiyoyi, na teku, na kasa da na Bahar Rum a duk yankuna daban-daban na kasar. Yawancin tsaunukan Dinaric suna cikin Bosniya da Herzegovina, mafi girman wurin tsawa shi ne tsaunin Maglic a 2,386 (7,828 ft), yayin da mafi ƙasƙanci wurin hawa sama shine Tekun Adriatic a Kudancin ƙasar. 42.8% na ƙasar an rufe shi da dazuzzuka masu kauri. Isasar tana da wadataccen albarkatun ruwa, kuma a wasu wurare, ana iya amfani da koguna da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa ba tare da tacewa ba a baya. Mahimman koguna sune Drina, Neretva, Sava, Bosna da Una. Muhimman wuraren shakatawa sun hada da Kozara National Park, Sutjeska National Park, da Una National Park, duk wuraren da aka kiyaye su.
Batutuwan muhalli a Brazil: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a kasar Brazil sun hada da sare dazuzzuka, cinikin namun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba, farauta ba bisa ka'ida ba, iska, lalata kasa, da gurbatar ruwa da ayyukan ma'adinai suka yi, lalacewar dausayi, amfani da magungunan kwari da malalar mai mai yawa, da sauransu. A matsayin gida ga kusan 13% na dukkan nau'ikan da aka sani, Brazil tana da ɗayan tarin tarin flora da fauna a doron ƙasa. Tasiri daga harkar noma da masana'antu a cikin kasar na barazanar wannan halittar.
Gurɓatar iska a British Columbia: Gurbatar iska abin damuwa ne a British Columbia , Kanada saboda illar sa ga lafiya da ganuwa. Ingancin iska yana tasiri a cikin British Columbia (BC) ta hanyar jerin tsaunuka da kwari da yawa, wanda ke rikitar da watsawar gurɓataccen yanayi kuma zai iya haifar da yawan abubuwan gurɓataccen abubuwa kamar ƙamshin ƙwayar hayaƙin itace.
Batutuwan muhalli a Bulgaria: Kamar sauran ƙasashe a cikin tasirin tarayyar Soviet, Bulgaria ta ƙarfafa masana'antar mai ƙarfi da zurfin noma amma bai rage tasirin mahalli na irin wannan manufar ba. A sakamakon haka, a farkon shekarun 1990 kimanin kashi 60 na filayen noma sun gurbace ta hanyar takin zamani da magungunan kwari, kashi biyu bisa uku na koguna sun gurbace, kuma an daidaita kashi biyu bisa uku na gandun daji na farko.
Alkahira: Alkahira babban birni ne kuma mafi girma a ƙasar Masar. Yankin birnin Alkahira, mai yawan mutane miliyan 21.3, shine na 2 mafi girma a Afirka da kuma a cikin kasashen Larabawa, kuma na 6 mafi girma a duniya. Alkahira tana da alaƙa da tsohuwar Misira, kamar yadda mashahurin hadadden dala na Giza da tsohon garin Memphis suke a cikin yankin ƙasa. Da yake kusa da Kogin Nilu, an kafa Alkahira ne a shekarar 969 AD ta hanyar daular Fatimid, amma filin da ya hada wannan gari a yanzu shi ne wurin da aka kafa manyan biranen kasar wadanda burbushinsu ya kasance a wasu sassan Old Alkahira. Alkahira ta daɗe da zama cibiyar rayuwar siyasa da al'adun yankin, kuma an yi mata take da "birni mai yawan minaret dubu" saboda fifikon tsarin gine-ginen Islama. Alkahira ana ɗaukarta a matsayin birni na Duniya tare da rarraba "Beta +" bisa ga GaWC.
Gurɓatar iska a Kanada: Gurbatar iska shine sakin gurbatattun abubuwa a cikin iska wanda ke cutar da lafiyar dan adam da Duniya. Gurɓatar iska a cikin Kanada ana tsara shi ta ƙa'idodi waɗanda Majalisar Ministocin Muhalli ta Kanada (CCME) ta kafa, ƙungiyar gwamnatocin gwamnatocin tarayya, larduna da yankuna da ke kula da mahalli. Gurɓatar iska daga Amurka da ƙaramar iyaka Kanada; lalacewa ta hanyar narkewar ƙarfe, ƙona gawayi don abubuwan amfani, da hayakin abin hawa ya haifar da ruwan sama na ruwa, ya shafi tasirin hanyoyin ruwa na Kanada, haɓakar gandun daji, da yawan amfanin gona.
Chiang Mai: Chiang Mai , wani lokacin ana rubuta shi Chiengmai ko Chiangmai , shine birni mafi girma a arewacin Thailand kuma babban birnin lardin Chiang Mai. Yana da nisan kilomita 700 (435 mi) arewa da Bangkok a wani yanki mai tsaunuka.
Gurbatar muhalli a China: Gurbatar muhalli a kasar Sin wani bangare ne na batun batun muhalli a kasar Sin. Hanyoyi iri daban-daban na gurbatar yanayi sun karu yayin da kasar Sin ta bunkasa masana'antu, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsalar kiwon lafiyar muhalli mai yawan gaske. Tun lokacin da aka aiwatar da manufofin tsabtace iska a cikin 2013, gurbatar yanayi ya ci gaba da raguwa a duk fadin kasar Sin, kuma biranen kasar Sin ba su mamaye manyan wuraren jerin sunayen biranen da suka fi gurbata ba.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Colombia: A tsabtace muhalli, Colombia ƙasa ce mai banbanci daban-daban daga ƙasa mai asali har zuwa rayuwar namun daji. Daban-daban halittarta sakamakon yanayin wuri ne da daukaka. Ita ce ƙasa ta huɗu mafi girma daga Kudancin Amurka kuma ƙasa ce kawai a Kudancin Amurka da ke da bakin teku a Tekun Pasifik da Tekun Caribbean. Za'a iya raba yankin ƙasar Kolombiya zuwa manyan yankuna shida na asali: Caribbean, Pacific, The Orinoco, yankin Amazonia, Andean, da yankin Insular. 52.2% na muhalli galibi sune Andes, Amazon, da Pacific Basins, sai kuma Orinoco Basin 13.9%, da Andes da Caribbean. Yankin Yankin Tropical Andes, Choco, da Caribbean ana ɗaukarsu wuraren da ke da rabe-raben halittu masu yawa wanda ke sanya waɗannan yankuna cikin haɗarin maida hankali ga ayyukan mulkin mallaka. Kasar Kolombiya tana karbar bakuna sama da nau'ikan 1800 kuma a kowacce shekara ana gano wasu sabbin jinsuna. Shekaru da yawa na yakin basasa da rikice-rikicen siyasa sun hana binciken nazarin halittu da muhalli a cikin Colombia. Rikicin siyasa a Colombia yana haifar da sauya fasalin yanayin ƙasa ta hanyar noman coca da amfanin gona na opium, juyar da ayyukan ci gaba, da watsi da ƙasa a wasu yankuna.
Gurbatar iska a Delhi: Ingancin iska a Delhi, babban yankin ƙasar Indiya, a cewar wani bincike na WHO na biranen duniya 1,650, shi ne mafi munin kowane babban birni a duniya. Hakanan yana shafar gundumomin da ke kusa da Delhi. Gurbatacciyar iska a Indiya an kiyasta kashe kusan mutane miliyan 2 a kowace shekara; ita ce ta biyar mafi girman kisa a Indiya. Indiya ce ta fi kowacce kasa yawan mutuwa daga cututtukan da suka shafi numfashi da kuma asma, a cewar WHO. A cikin Delhi, iska mara kyau mara inganci yana lalata huhun miliyan 2.2 ko kashi 50 na yara duka.
Batutuwan muhalli a Misira: Matsalolin muhalli a Masar sun hada da, amma ba'a iyakance shi ba, karancin ruwa, gurbatar iska, lalata kayayyakin tarihi, al'amuran jindadin dabbobi da nakasu a tsarin sarrafa shara.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Finland: Akwai batutuwan muhalli da yawa a cikin Finland.
Batutuwan muhalli a Fresno, California: Fresno shine birni na 34 mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Amurka, kusa da rabin miliyan miliyan. Ya mamaye kusan kilomita murabba'i 112 a tsakiyar kwarin San Joaquin, a yankin kudancin California. An kafa shi a cikin 1872, tun daga wannan lokacin garin ya zama cibiyar tattalin arziƙin kwarin San Joaquin, tare da yawancin yankunan da ke kewaye da shi sun danganta da manyan ayyukan noma. Gurbatar ruwan ƙasa ta hanyar magungunan ƙwari da sauran abubuwan da suka gudana na sunadarai shine babban batun. Kulawa da ka'idojin gurɓatattun abubuwa laulas ne. A cikin 2001, Fresno yana da ƙididdigar radon 2600 a cikin samfurin idan aka kwatanta da ƙimar ƙasa na 300 da matsakaita na Amurka na 700. Matsalolin ingancin iska sun ta'azzara ta tsaunukan da ke kewaye da su waɗanda ke kama iskar da ke fitar da iska daga duk tsakiyar kwarin. 1 cikin 6 Yara a cikin San Joaquin Valley suna da asma, matakin mafi girma a cikin Jiha.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Georgia (ƙasa): Tana cikin Yankin Caucasus ta Kudu da ke iyaka da Bahar Maliya zuwa Arewacin Tarayyar Rasha a Arewa, Azerbaijan ta Gabas, Turkiya zuwa Kudu maso Yamma da Armenia zuwa Kudu, Georgia karamar kasa ce da aka wadata da albarkatun kasa masu kyau, wuraren sama, wadatattun kadarorin ruwa, wadatattun wuraren zama, da kuma tsarin halittu wadanda suke da mahimmanci na gida da na duniya.
Gurbatar iska a cikin Jamus: Gurbatar iska a cikin Jamus ya ragu sosai a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Gurbatar iska na faruwa ne yayin da aka saki abubuwa masu cutarwa cikin yanayin duniya. Ana sakin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam da kuma asalin halitta. Jamus ta nuna sha'awar rage hayakin gurbataccen hayainta (GHG) ta hanyar sauya hanyoyin samun makamashi. Amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa ya tashi daga 6.3% a 2000 zuwa 34% a cikin 2016. Ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa kafofin samar da makamashi, wasu mutane sun yi imanin cewa Jamus ta zama jagorar manufofin canjin yanayi kuma jagorar makamashi mai sabuntawa a Tarayyar Turai (EU) da kuma a duniya tare da kyawawan shirye-shiryen canjin yanayi, duk da cewa hayaƙin CO2 na Jamus na kowane ɗan adam a zahiri yana cikin mafi girma a Turai, kusan sau biyu na Faransa. Burin gwamnatin ta Jamus a yanzu an amince da shi a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 2016 a cikin Tsarin Tsarin Yanayi na Jamus na 2050, wanda ke nuna matakan da Jamus za ta iya bi da hayakin da take fitarwa a shekara ta 2050. Zuwa 2050, Jamus na son rage GHG dinsu da 80 zuwa 95% kuma nan da 2030 suna son rage shi da kashi 55%, idan aka kwatanta da burin EU na 40%.
Batutuwan muhalli a Girka: Wannan shafin ya shafi al'amuran muhalli a Girka .
Gurbatar iska a Hongkong: Gurɓatar iska a cikin Hong Kong ana ɗaukarta a matsayin babbar matsala. Ganuwa bai wuce kilomita takwas ba na kaso 30 cikin 100 na shekara. Yanayin asma da cututtukan da suka shafi bronchial sun yi tashin gwauron zabi a cikin recentan shekarun nan saboda ƙarancin iska.
Sauyin yanayi na Houston: An rarraba yanayin Houston a matsayin yanayi mai yanayin zafi mai zafi, tare da tasirin wurare masu zafi. Agusta yakan kasance a matsayin watan da ya fi zafi a 94.5 ° F (34.7 ° C) da Janairu watan mafi sanyi a 42.2 ° F (5.7 ° C).
Gurɓatar iska a Indiya: Gurbatar iska a Indiya babban lamari ne na kiwon lafiya. Daga cikin garuruwa 30 da suka fi kazantar a duniya, 21 sun kasance a Indiya a shekarar 2019. Kamar yadda wani binciken ya nuna dangane da bayanan shekarar 2016, a kalla mutane miliyan 140 a Indiya suna shakar iska wanda ya ninka sau 10 ko sama da haka kan iyakar lafiya ta WHO kuma 13 daga cikin Garuruwa 20 na duniya da suka fi kowace yawan gurbatar iska a cikin Indiya. 51% na gurbatawa yana faruwa ne ta hanyar gurɓatar masana'antu, 27% ta motoci, 17% ta ƙona amfanin gona da 5% ta wasan wuta. Gurbatar iska na taimakawa ga saurin mutuwar Indiyawa miliyan 2 kowace shekara. Iskar hayaki na zuwa ne daga ababen hawa da masana'antu, alhali kuwa a yankunan karkara, yawancin gurbatar na samo asali ne daga ƙona ƙwayoyin cuta don girki da kuma ɗumi dumi. A cikin watannin kaka da na hunturu, ragowar amfanin gona mai girma da ke konawa a cikin gonakin noma - madadin mai rahusa ga noman injiniya - shine babban tushen hayaƙi, hayaƙi da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. Indiya tana da ƙaramin hayaki mai gurɓataccen iska amma ƙasar gaba ɗaya ita ce ta uku mafi girma a cikin ƙasashe masu samar da iskar gas bayan China da Amurka. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a 2013 kan wadanda ba su shan sigari ya gano cewa Indiyawan na da kashi 30% na aikin huhu fiye da na Turawa.
Batutuwan muhalli a Indonesia: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Indonesiya suna da alaƙa da yawan jama'ar ƙasar da yawan masana'antu da sauri, kuma galibi ana ba su fifiko saboda talaucin talauci, da rashin ingantaccen shugabanci.
Kiwon Lafiya a Iran: Game da kasashe masu tasowa da yawa, lamuran kiwon lafiya a Iran sun samo asali ne daga dalilai daban-daban: wadanda suka hada da, ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, abinci da lafiyar jiki, shaye-shaye iri-iri, lafiyar hankali, cututtukan da ake yadawa, tsabtace muhalli.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Isra'ila: Ofasar Isra'ila tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙasashe a duniya, kusan 20,000 sq. Km, kuma tana da ɗan albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan. Saboda karancin sararin samaniya, yanayi mai sanyi, yanayin yawaitar yawan mutane da karancin albarkatu, Isra'ila tana da saukin rikice-rikice na muhalli. Wadannan sun hada da karancin ruwa da gurbatar yanayi, raguwar Tekun Gishiri, samar da shara da zubar dashi, gurbatar iska da yawan jama'a. A sakamakon haka, bunkasa albarkatu, musamman ruwa, ya ci gajiyar tallafi sosai daga gwamnati a duk tsawon tarihin kasar. Misali, tanadin ruwa na Isra'ila da kuma sake samarda kayayyakin more rayuwa na daya daga cikin wadanda suka ci gaba a duniya, inda kusan rabin ruwan da take samu ya samo asali ne daga tsaftataccen ruwan sha, ruwa mai tsafta da ruwa mara dadi. Bugu da kari, Isra'ila tana cikin yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa da dama game da gurbatar iska da canjin yanayi, gami da yarjejeniyar Kyoto, Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi da Yarjejeniyar Montreal. Duk da cewa sun dauki wadannan matakan, muhallin Isra'ila na ci gaba da shan wahala kasancewar karuwar mutane cikin hanzari kuma yanayin rayuwa na taimakawa wajen kara fitar da hayakin Green House da gurbataccen iska, raguwa a cikin halittu da buda-baki ta hanyar birane, yawan tura famfo na hanyoyin ruwa sama da yawan kudaden shigar su. da lalacewar ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi wajen sha da ban ruwa.
Jeddah: Jeddah , an kuma rubuta Jedda , Jiddah ko Jidda , birni ne, da ke a yankin Hejaz na Saudi Arabiya kuma cibiyar kasuwancin ƙasar. Tare da yawan mutane kusan 4,697,000 kamar na 2021. Jeddah ita ce birni mafi girma a Lardin Makkah, birni na biyu mafi girma a Saudi Arabia, kuma na takwas mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Tashar Jeddah ta Musulunci, wacce ke kan Bahar Maliya, ita ce babbar tashar jirgin ruwa talatin da shida a duniya kuma tashar jirgin ruwa ta biyu mafi girma da ta biyu a Gabas ta Tsakiya.
Muhalli na Karachi: Karachi yana da batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da yawa, wanda ke shafar yanayin rayuwarsa da lafiyar ɗan adam. Masana'antu tare da lamuran kula da muhalli sun taimaka ga matsalolin. Hanyoyin gurbacewa iri-iri sun karu kamar Karachi wanda ya haifar da yaduwar matsalolin muhalli da lafiya. Gurbatar iska, rashin ingantattun kayayyakin kula da shara da lalata jikin ruwa sune manyan al'amuran muhalli a Karachi.
Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Kazakhstan: Kazakhstan, tana da manyan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar su raɗaɗɗu daga wuraren gwajin nukiliya, ƙuntatawar tekun Aral, da kwararar hamada tsohuwar ƙasar noma. Wadannan batutuwan suna da yawa saboda shekarun Kazakhstan karkashin Tarayyar Soviet.
Batutuwan muhalli a Kuwait: Kasancewa a Gabas ta Tsakiya tsakanin Saudi Arabia da Iraq, Kuwait karamar karamar kasa ce wacce ta kasance cibiyar al'amuran siyasa da tattalin arziki da yawa a cikin yan shekarun da suka gabata. Sakamakon wadannan rikice-rikicen, Kuwait da sauran kasashen yankin, ciki har da Iran, Iraki, da Qatar na fuskantar barazana daga al'amuran muhalli. Rashin aikin gona saboda canjin yanayi, gurbatar masana'antar mai ta kasar da Man Fetur na 1991 gami da lahanin noma da halittu iri-iri na daga cikin batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli. Gwamnatin Kuwaiti ta yi aiki don ragewa da daidaitawa ga waɗannan batutuwan ta hanyar siyasa da ƙirƙirar hukumomi don bincike, ilimantarwa da faɗakarwa game da matsalolin muhalli, tushensu, da tasirinsu.
Lanzhou: Lanzhou babban birni ne kuma mafi girma a lardin Gansu da ke arewa maso yammacin kasar Sin. Ya kasance a gefen Kogin Yellow, babban mahimmin yanki ne na jigilar kayayyaki, yana haɗa yankunan da ke gaba zuwa yamma ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa zuwa gabashin ƙasar. A tarihi, ya kasance babbar hanyar haɗi a kan Hanyar siliki ta Arewa kuma tana tsaye don zama babbar cibiya akan Sabuwar Eurasian Land Bridge. Har ila yau, birni cibiyar ce ta manyan masana'antu da masana'antar sarrafa mai.
Linfen: Linfen babban birni ne mai kudu maso yamma na lardin Shanxi, Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, yana iyaka da lardin Shaanxi zuwa yamma. Tana kusa da bankunan Fen River. Tana da yanki na kilomita murabba'i 20,275 (7,828 sq mi) kuma bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2010, yawan mutane 4,316,612 mazauna waɗanda 944,050 ke zaune a yankin da aka gina wanda ya kunshi gundumar biranen Yaodu. GDP na Linfen ya kasance na biyu a lardin Shanxi. An san shi da suna Pingyang (平陽) yayin lokacin bazara da Kaka. A cikin 2006, Cibiyar Baƙin Amurka ta Amurka ta sanya Linfen a matsayin ɗayan birane goma mafi ƙazantar a duniya.
Gurɓatar iska a cikin Kingdomasar Ingila: Gurbatar iska a cikin Burtaniya an daɗe ana ɗaukar mahimmin batun kiwon lafiya. Yankuna da yawa, gami da manyan biranen kamar London ana samun su da mahimmanci kuma akai-akai sama da matakan doka da kuma shawarar. Gurbatar iska a Burtaniya shine babban dalilin cututtuka kamar asma, cututtukan huhu, bugun jini, da cututtukan zuciya, kuma an kiyasta yana haifar da mutuwar dubu arba'in kowace shekara, wanda yake kusan 8.3% na mace-macen, yayin da ake kashe kusan fam biliyan 40 kowace shekara.
Gurbatar yanayi a California: Gurbatar yanayi a Kalifoniya ya danganta da irin gurbatar yanayi da iska, da ruwa, da kuma kasar ta Kalifoniya. Ana bayyana gurbatar yanayi azaman ƙari na kowane abu ko kowane nau'i na makamashi ga mahalli a cikin sauri fiye da yadda za a iya tarwatsa shi, narke shi, bazuwar shi, sake sarrafa shi, ko adana shi cikin wasu nau'ikan cutarwa. Haɗuwa da manyan abubuwa guda uku sune sababin sanannun matakan gurɓatar iska a cikin Kalifoniya: ayyukan mutane sama da miliyan 39, wani yanki mai tsaunuka da ke kama gurɓataccen yanayi, da yanayi mai dumi wanda ke taimakawa samar da ozone da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa. Takwas daga cikin birane goma a Amurka tare da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke tattare da zagaye na shekara tsakanin 2013 da 2015 suna cikin Kalifoniya, kuma bakwai daga cikin birane goma na Amurka tare da mafi munin gurɓataccen ozone suma suna cikin Kalifoniya. Nazarin ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi a California yana da alaƙa da batutuwan kiwon lafiya da yawa, ciki har da asma, kansar huhu, rikitowar haihuwa, da kuma saurin mutuwa. A cikin 2016, Bakersfield, California sun sami matsayi mafi girma na gurɓataccen iska a kowane birni a Amurka.
Gurbatar iska a Macau: Gurɓatar iska a cikin Macau ana ɗaukarsa babbar matsala. Yanayin asma da cututtukan da suka shafi bronchial sun yi tashin gwauron zabi a cikin recentan shekarun nan saboda ƙarancin iska.
Geography na Arewacin Macedonia: Arewacin Macedonia ƙasa ce da ke kudu maso gabashin Turai tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙasa na 41 ° 50′N 22 ° 00′E , ya yi iyaka da Kosovo da Serbia zuwa arewa, Bulgaria zuwa gabas, Girka zuwa kudu da Albania zuwa yamma. Kasar tana daga cikin yankin Makedoniya mafi fadi kuma tana da yawancin Vardar Macedonia. Kasar ita ce babbar hanyar sufuri daga Yammaci da Tsakiyar Turai zuwa Kudancin Turai da Tekun Aegean. Arewacin Macedonia ƙasa ce da ba ta da iyaka amma tana da manyan tabkuna guda uku: Lake Ohrid, Lake Prespa da Lake Dojran. Yana yana da wani ruwa yanki na 857 km 2, yayin da ta ƙasar yankin ne 24.856 km 2.
Gurɓatar iska a cikin Malesiya: Gurbatar iska wata matsala ce da ke ci gaba a kasashe da dama a yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kuma Malaysia na daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi kamari. Babban abin da ke haifar da wannan hazo shi ne yankan wuta da konawar manoma da gobarar peat da iska daga Indonesia ta busa. musamman Sumatra, wanda ya fi shafar yankin Malaysia da Kalimantan, wanda ya fi shafar Gabashin Malesiya. An sanar da dokar ta baci sau daya a cikin 2005 a Port Klang yayin da Index of gurbatar iska (API) ya wuce matakin 500. Malaysia na aiki tare da hukumomin Indonesiya don taimakawa wutar gobara. Malaysia da Indonesia, tare da sauran membobin kungiyar ASEAN, sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar ASEAN kan Gurbatar da Haze a Yankin Yankin a 2002 sakamakon Hazo da aka yi a 1997. Koyaya, Indonesiya ce kaɗai ƙasar da ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba. Wani abin da ya sake faruwa a shekara ta 2005 da 2006 ya tilasta wa Malaysia da Singapore matsa lamba kan Indonesia ta sanya hannu a kanta.
Manila: Manila , a hukumance ita ce Birnin Manila , ita ce babban birnin Philippines, kuma birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a. Yana da matukar birni kuma kamar yadda na 2019 shine birni mafi yawan jama'a a duniya. Shi ne gari na farko da aka yi hayar haya a cikin ƙasar, wanda Dokar Hukumar ta Philippine ta kafa 183 na 31 ga Yulin, 1901. Ya zama mai cin gashin kansa tare da zartar da Dokar Jamhuriya mai lamba 409, "Yarjejeniyar da aka Gyara ta Manila," 18 ga Yuni, 1949. Manila, tare da Mexico City da Madrid, ana ɗaukarsu ɗaya daga cikin biranen duniya na farko, saboda hanyoyin sadarwarta na farko sun fara faɗaɗa Tekun Pasifik kuma sun haɗa Asiya da Amurka ta Spain. Lokacin da aka kammala wannan, ya zama alama a karo na farko a tarihin duniya da aka kafa jerin hanyoyin kasuwanci da ke zagaye duniya. Manila ita ce birni na biyu mafi girman bala'in bala'i a duniya bayan Tokyo. A lokaci guda, duk da haka yana cikin manyan birane masu saurin girma da sauri a kudu maso gabashin Asiya.
Tarihin Meziko: Yanayin kasa na Meziko yana bayanin yanayin yanayin Mexico, wata ƙasa a cikin Amurka. Mexico tana kusa da 23 ° N da 102 ° W a yankin kudu na Arewacin Amurka. Daga iyakarta mafi nisa, Mexico ta fi tsayi sama da kilomita 3,200 (2,000 mi) tsayi. Mexico ta haɗu da arewa daga Amurka, zuwa yamma da kudu ta Tekun Fasifik, zuwa gabas ta Tekun Mexico, kuma kudu maso gabas ta Belize, Guatemala, da Tekun Caribbean. Yankin arewacin Latin Amurka, shine ƙasa mafi yawan masu magana da Sifaniyanci a duniya. Mexico ita ce kasa ta 13 mafi girma a duniya, ta ninka ta Texas sau uku.
Gurbatar iska a cikin garin Mexico: Gurbatar Iska a cikin Garin Mexico ya kasance lamari ne da ya shafi dukkanin masu farin jini da membobin sassan kiwon lafiya na wani lokaci. A karni na 20, yawan mutanen garin Mexico City ya karu cikin sauri yayin da masana'antu suka kawo dubban bakin haure daga ko'ina cikin duniya. watakila saboda tsayi mai tsayi na Mexico City, yawan iskar oxygen dinsa ya ragu da kashi 25% kuma mai ba ya cinyewa kwata-kwata. Gwamnatin Mexico tana da shirye-shirye masu yawa don ƙoƙari don rage matakan watsi da ke buƙatar sa hannun ɗan ƙasa, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da ƙuntatawar ababen hawa, ƙaruwar wuraren kore da faɗaɗa damar kekuna.
Batutuwan muhalli a Mongolia: Akwai batutuwan muhalli da yawa a Mongolia wadanda ke cutar da lafiyar mutum da lafiyar muhalli. Wadannan matsalolin sun taso ne a wani bangare saboda dalilai na dabi'a, amma suna karuwa saboda ayyukan mutane. Ofaya daga cikin waɗannan batutuwan shi ne canjin yanayi, wanda zai zama sanadiyyar ƙaruwar kwararowar hamada, bala'o'i na asali, da lalata ƙasa. Wani kuma shi ne sare dazuzzuka, wanda ke faɗaɗawa saboda sakacin mutane, kwari, cuta, da wuta. Masashen Mongoliya suna samun ƙarancin bushewa ta hanyar kwararowar hamada, aikin da ake ci gaba da tsanantawa saboda rashin amfani da ƙasar. Ari akan haka, da yawa da yawa jinsuna suna ɓacewa kuma suna cikin haɗarin bacewa. Kuma, musamman ma a cikin cibiyoyin jama'a, Mongolia suna ma'amala da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa wanda masana'antar ke haifarwa.
Batutuwan muhalli a Nepal: Gurbatar muhalli a kasar Nepal sun hada da yawan mutane, sare dazuzzuka, kuzari da kiyaye halittu.
New Delhi: New Delhi babban birni ne na Indiya kuma gundumar gudanarwa ce ta NCT Delhi. New Delhi kuma wurin zama ne na dukkan rassa uku na gwamnatin Indiya, mai karɓar bakuncin Rashtrapati Bhavan, Gidan Majalisar, da Kotun Koli ta Indiya.
Sauyin Yanayi na New York (jiha): Yanayin jihar New York gabaɗaya yankuna ne masu zafi, yayin da yankin kudu maso gabashin jihar ya ta'allaka ne a yankin da ke cikin yanayin danshi mai zafi. Yanayin yanayin hunturu ya daidaita yadda ake daskarewa a lokacin Janairu da Fabrairu a yawancin jihohin New York, amma darajoji da yawa sama da daskarewa tare da gabar tekun Atlantika, gami da New York City.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Birnin New York: Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Birnin New York suna da tasirin girman birni, yawanta, wadataccen kayan aikin jigilar jama'a, da wurin zama a bakin Kogin Hudson.
Arewacin Italiya: Arewacin Italiya yanki ne na al'adu da al'adu a yankin arewacin Italiya. Ba mai gudanarwa ba, ya ƙunshi Yankuna takwas na gudanarwa a arewacin Italiya: Aosta Valley, Piedmont, Liguria, Lombardy, Emilia-Romagna, Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia da Trentino-Alto Adige / Südtirol. Ya zuwa shekarar 2014, yawan jama'arta ya kai 27,801,460. Ana magana da harsunan Rhaeto-Romance da Gallo-Italic a yankin, sabanin harsunan Italo-Dalmatian da ake magana a cikin sauran Italiya. Harshen Venetian wani lokaci ana ɗaukarsa ɓangare ne na yarukan Italo-Dalmatian, amma wasu manyan wallafe-wallafe kamar su Ethnologue da Glottolog suna bayyana shi azaman Gallo-Italic.
Batutuwan muhalli a Pakistan: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a Pakistan sun hada da gurbatacciyar iska, gurbatar ruwa, gurbataccen hayaniya, canjin yanayi, amfani da maganin kwari, zaizayar kasa, bala'oi na yau da kullun, kwararowar hamada da ambaliyar ruwa. Dangane da sabon tsarin samar da muhalli na duniya (EPI) Pakistan tana cikin jerin kasashen da ke fama da rashin iska mai inganci. Canjin yanayi da dumamar yanayi sune al'amuran da suka fi tsoratar da miliyoyin rayuka a duk faɗin ƙasar. Babban dalilan wadannan batutuwan na muhalli sune fitar da hayaki, karuwar jama'a, da sare dazuzzuka.
Patna: Patna ita ce babban birni kuma mafi girma a cikin jihar Bihar a Indiya, kuma tana da kimanin mutane miliyan 2.48 a cikin 2021, wanda ya sa ta zama birni na 19 mafi girma a Indiya. Rugu da murabba'in kilomita 250 (97 sq mi) da sama da mutane miliyan 2.5 , aikin haɓaka birni shine na 18 mafi girma a Indiya. Patna tana aiki ne a matsayin wurin zama na Babban Kotun Patna. Daya daga cikin tsofaffin wuraren da ake ci gaba da zama a duniya, an kafa Patna a shekara ta 490 KZ daga sarkin Magadha. Tsohon Patna, wanda aka sani da Pataliputra , shine babban birnin daular Magadh ta hanyar daular Haryanka, Nanda, Mauryan, Shunga, Gupta da Pala. Pataliputra wurin zama ne na koyo da fasaha mai kyau. Gida ne ga masana taurari da yawa da masana ciki har da Aryabhata, Vātsyāyana da Chanakya. A lokacin zamanin Maurya yawanta ya kai 400,000. Patna ta kasance matattarar kujerun mulki, kuma cibiyar siyasa da al'adu ta manyan kasashen Indiya a lokacin daular Maurya da Gupta. Tare da faduwar daular Gupta, Patna ya rasa darajarta. Burtaniya ta sake farfado da ita a cikin karni na 17 a matsayin cibiyar kasuwancin duniya. Bayan raba shugabancin Bengal a cikin 1912, Patna ta zama babban birnin Bihar da Lardin Orissa.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Peru: Babban al'amuran muhalli a cikin Peru sune gurɓataccen ruwa, zaizayar ƙasa, gurɓatawa da sare dazuzzuka. Kodayake waɗannan batutuwa suna da matsala kuma suna da lahani iri ɗaya, ma'aikatar kula da muhalli ta Peru tana ci gaba da tsara dokoki da dokoki don rage yawan gurɓataccen yanayi da aka kirkira a manyan biranen kuma suna yin manufofi don rage yawan sare dazuzzuka a cikin Peru.
Batutuwan muhalli a Pristina: Pristina ita ce babban birni kuma gari mafi yawan jama'a na Kosovo. Hakanan ana ɗaukarsa azaman birni mafi ƙazanta a Kosovo. Babban dalilin gurbatacciyar iskar Pristina shine hakar kwal da makamashin da mai samar da makamashi guda daya, Kosovo Energy Corporation JSC KEK ke aiki ta hanyar cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu, Kosovo A da B dake kilomita 5 kusa da Pristina. Bugu da ƙari, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da ke amfani da dizal suna ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurɓata iska, tare da itacen da kwal ɗin gidan ɗumi da gawurtaccen kamfanin dumama kwal "Termokos" wanda ke aiki a Pristina.
Gurbatar iska a Taiwan: Gurɓatar iska a cikin Taiwan galibi ana samunsa ne daga tushen konewa na cikin gida, da farko ana ƙona mai. An lura da yadda yanayin yanayin kasar ta Taiwan ya kasance yana taimakawa wajen matsalar gurbatar iska, wanda ke haifar da rashin watsewa da kuma kama masu gurɓatarwa. Taipei, babban birnin Taiwan kuma birni mafi girma a misali, yana kewaye da tsaunuka, kuma sauran cibiyoyin masana'antu tare da arewaci da yammacin tekun suna kewaye da manyan tsaunuka.
Batutuwan muhalli a Rasha: Yawancin lamuran an danganta su ga manufofin a lokacin Soviet ta farko, lokacin da jami'ai da yawa ke ganin cewa hana gurɓatar yanayi wata matsala ce da ba ta dace ba ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓaka masana'antu, kuma, duk da cewa gwamnatin Soviet ta yi ƙoƙari da yawa don sauƙaƙa halin da ake ciki a shekarun 1970s da 1980s, ba a warware matsalolin gaba daya ba. Zuwa 1990s, kashi 40% na yankin ƙasar Rasha sun fara nuna alamun alamun mahimmancin ɗabi'ar muhalli, galibi saboda yawan lamurran muhalli, gami da sare bishiyoyi, rashin kulawar makamashi, gurɓataccen yanayi, da kuma ɓarnar nukiliya. A cewar ma'aikatar kula da albarkatun kasa da muhalli ta Rasha, a halin yanzu Rasha ta fi sauran kasashen duniya dumama sau 2.5.
Muhalli na Saudi Arabia: Masarautar Saudi Arabiya da ke cikin hamada ita ce ƙasa mafi girman yanki a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Bugu da ƙari, yana da adadin 65% na yawan jama'ar GCC da 42% na GDP. Saudi Arabiya ba ta da wani kwakkwaran tarihi a fannin kula da muhalli. Don haka, yayin da yawan mutane ke ƙaruwa kuma ayyukan masana'antu ke ƙaruwa, al'amuran muhalli na haifar da babban ƙalubale ga ƙasar. Rashin manufofin muhalli na iya haɗuwa da dogaro da mai. Saboda tsananin amfani da burbushin halittu, Saudiyya ta haifar da batutuwan muhalli da dama. Bunkasar birni da matsayin rayuwa mai kyau suna taimakawa ga ƙasa, ruwa, da gurɓatar iska. Noma da yawan cin albarkatun kasa na haifar da sare dazuzzuka da kwararowar hamada. Hakanan, masana'antar mai ta Saudi Arabiya tana bada tallafi ga amfani da makamashi da kuma kara fitar da hayaƙin carbon dioxide. Wadannan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli suna haifar da matsaloli daban-daban na kiwon lafiya da suka hada da asma da cutar daji. Ana aiwatar da wasu ayyukan muhalli kamar gina masana'antar samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa. Ana kuma inganta manufofi da shirye-shirye don tabbatar da dorewar muhalli.
Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Serbia: Batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli a cikin Serbia sun haɗa da gurɓatar iska, sare dazuzzuka, nau'uka daban-daban na barazanar nau'in halittu masu fama da cutar da canjin yanayi. Kungiyoyin kare muhalli da dama da ke aiki a Serbia sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da yadda gwamnati ke kula da wadannan batutuwa.
Shanghai: Shanghai ɗayan gundumomi huɗu ne na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Majalisar Jiha. Garin yana kan iyakar bakin kogin Yangtze, tare da Kogin Huangpu yana gudana ta ciki. Tare da yawan mutane miliyan 24.28 har zuwa na 2019, ita ce birni mafi yawan mutane a cikin China kuma birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a duniya. Shanghai ita ce cibiyar kasuwancin duniya, bincike, fasaha, masana'antu, da sufuri, kuma tashar jiragen ruwan ta Shanghai ita ce tashar jirgin ruwa da ta fi kowace kasuwa a duniya.
Batutuwan muhalli a Singapore: Batutuwan muhalli a Singapore sun hada da iska, gurbatar ruwa, da sare dazuka. Gwamnati ta kafa Singapore Green Plan a 1992 don taimakawa game da al'amuran muhalli.